{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:00:50Z","timestamp":1787169650729,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In older adults, excess weight is associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, several important cancers, and numerous other medical conditions. Several indices such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) are used to classify general. Some studies also reported that WC and WHR is a better indicator of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk than BMI and WHR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims and Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>1. To estimate the prevalence of obesity among the elderly using three scale viz. BMI, WHR, and WHtR 2. To compare the results of these three-scale used for assessment of obesity 3. To determine the presence of association between obesity and hypertension if any.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For selection of the area, in both the urban and rural areas, the sampling units were enumerated and samples were collected from them. The estimated geriatric population combined in both Urban and Rural areas amounted to 12,220 (7% of geriatric population as per Census 2001), out of which 5% was selected as sample. This came out to be 611 elderly subjects which were selected equally from both urban and rural areas. For assessment of obesity BMI, WHR, and WHtR were measured. Assessment of hypertension was as per JNC classification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prevalence of obesity as per BMI in the urban area was found to be 40%, whereas that in rural areas was found to be 47.4%. WHR and WHtR showed higher prevalence in rural areas (70%) and also in urban areas (60%). BMI and WHR were significantly associated with hypertensive status of elderly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anthropometric assessments of obesity like WHR and WHTR are more sensitive indicators of obesity among the elderly. BMI is found to be significantly associated with hypertension as well in the present study. Logistic regression showed that the association of BMI with hypertension was higher than other obesity assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_658_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]],"date-time":"2022-02-05T02:28:29Z","timestamp":1644028109000},"page":"162-169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Study on prevalence of obesity using different scales and its association with hypertension among the elderly in a district of Gujarat"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Noopur","family":"Nagar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shashwat","family":"Nagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niraj","family":"Bharadva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiren B.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darshan","family":"Mahyavanshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunita S.","family":"Nagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R3-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959259811000190","article-title":"Obesity in older adults:Epidemiology and implications for disability and disease","volume":"22","author":"Samper-Ternent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Clin Gerontol"},{"key":"R5-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601364","article-title":"Obesity, weight change and risk for hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia in Japanese men","volume":"56","author":"Ishikawa-Takata","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R7-27-20240828","first-page":"1","article-title":"A comparison of the predictive power of anthropometric indices for hypertensive and hypotension risk","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R8-27-20240828","first-page":"2379","article-title":"The value and limitations of the body mass index (BMI) in the assessment of the health risks of overweight and obesity","volume":"148","author":"Kok","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"R9-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601936","article-title":"Detection of cardiovascular risk factors by anthropometric measures in Tehranian adults:Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis","volume":"58","author":"Mirmiran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R10-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.81.2.409","article-title":"Race-ethnicity-specific waist circumference cutoffs for identifying cardiovascular disease risk factors","volume":"81","author":"Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R11-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2005.22","article-title":"Obesity in the elderly and its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors in Taiwan","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"R12-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.3.379","article-title":"Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk","volume":"79","author":"Janssen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"R13-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067264","article-title":"Body fat distribution and risk of cardiovascular disease:An update","volume":"126","author":"Despres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R14-27-20240828","first-page":"135","article-title":"To construct a forecasting model of the anthropometric chronic disease risk factor score","volume":"29","author":"Chuang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chang Gung Med J"},{"key":"R15-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1471-5","article-title":"Anthropometric indices as predictors of hypertension among men and women aged 40\u201369 years in the Korean population:The Korean genome and epidemiology study","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R16-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008003601","article-title":"Association between obesity indices and blood pressure or hypertension:Which index is the best?","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"R17-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422410000144","article-title":"A systematic review of waist to-height ratio as a screening tool for the prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes:0\u00d75 could be a suitable global boundary value","volume":"23","author":"Browning","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"key":"R18-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3281e6666f","article-title":"The association of waistcircumference with ambulatory blood pressure is independent of alternative adiposity indices","volume":"25","author":"Majane","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"R19-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7056.559d","article-title":"Ratio of waist circumference to height is strong predictor of intraabdominalfat","volume":"313","author":"Ashwell","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R20-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.08.012","article-title":"Indices of abdominal obesity are better discriminators of cardiovascular risk factors than BMI:A meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"R21-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00952.x","article-title":"Waist-to-height ratio is a better screening tool than waist circumference and BMI for adult cardiometabolic risk factors:Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ashwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"R22-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S34220","article-title":"Predicting cardiometabolic risk:Waist-to-height ratio or BMI. A meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Savva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"R23-27-20240828","first-page":"124S","article-title":"Central obesity is a risk factor for hypertension independent of body mass index in elderly individuals:Results of a population-based study","volume":"21","author":"Mello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R24-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19540","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/195407","article-title":"Waist-to-Height ratio is a better anthropometric index than waist circumference and BMI in predicting metabolic syndrome among obese Mexican adolescents","volume":"2014","author":"Rodea-Montero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"R25-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6300(1996)8:6<786::AID-AJHB11>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Physical status:The use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee","volume":"8","author":"Eveleth","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"R26-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.06.008","article-title":"Determinants of urban-rural differences in cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged women in India:A cross-sectional study","volume":"163","author":"Pandey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"R27-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24362","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024362","article-title":"High prevalence of abdominal, intra-abdominal and subcutaneous adiposity and clustering of risk factors among urban Asian Indians in North India","volume":"6","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R28-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801748","article-title":"High prevalence of diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia in urban slum population in Northern India","volume":"25","author":"Misra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"R29-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.11.876","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of body mass index of an urban adult population in Western India","volume":"56","author":"Shukla","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"R30-27-20240828","first-page":"1170","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity in adults \u2013An epidemiological study from Kashmir valley of Indian subcontinent","volume":"48","author":"Zargar","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"R32-27-20240828","first-page":"26","article-title":"Obesity is major determinant of coronary risk factors in India:Jaipur heart watch studies","volume":"60","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"key":"R33-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932009990587","article-title":"Socioeconomic changes as covariates of overweight and obesity among Tangkhul Naga tribal women of Manipur, North-East India","volume":"42","author":"Mungreiphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"key":"R35-27-20240828","first-page":"445","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome-emerging clusters of the Indian phenotype","volume":"51","author":"Joshi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"R37-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.103314","article-title":"Hypertension in the elderly:Prevalence and health seeking behavior","volume":"4","author":"Chinnakali","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"R38-27-20240828","first-page":"39","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertension among elderly women in slums of Surat city","volume":"1","author":"Pawar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Natl J Community Med"},{"key":"R39-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.5530\/jcdr.2016.3.3","article-title":"Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among the elderly residing in rural area of Haldwani block, in Nainital district of Uttarakhand","volume":"7","author":"Bartwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dis Res"},{"key":"R40-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcdr.2013.03.002","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among rural population of elderly in Wardha district","volume":"4","author":"Joshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dis Res"},{"key":"R41-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.5455\/ijmsph.2016.20022016403","article-title":"Hypertension in Kerala:A study of prevalence, control, and knowledge among adults","volume":"5","author":"Sebastian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci Public Health"},{"key":"R42-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.5455\/ijmsph.2015.01052015305","article-title":"A study on hypertension in geriatric population in a slum of Kolkata","volume":"4","author":"Biswas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci Public Health"},{"key":"R43-27-20240828","first-page":"2952","article-title":"Hypertension in elderly:Prevalence and health care seeking pattern in an urban slum of Bangalore city","volume":"6","author":"Srikanth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Recent Sci Res"},{"key":"R44-27-20240828","first-page":"2004","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of hypertension among the elderly population in rural areas of Allahabad district:A cross sectional study","volume":"2","author":"Naveen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Sci Clin Res"},{"key":"R45-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_108_18","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and associated risk factors among geriatric population living in a high-altitude region of rural Uttarakhand, India","volume":"7","author":"Kapil","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"R46-27-20240828","first-page":"68","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertension and its association with waist circumference in adult population of block Hazratbal, Srinagar, India","volume":"8","author":"Rouf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Med Health Sci Res"},{"key":"R47-27-20240828","first-page":"950","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertension in a rural community of central India","volume":"2","author":"Kokiwar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Biol Med Res"},{"key":"R48-27-20240828","first-page":"49","article-title":"A study on the association between hypertensivestatus and Anthropometric correlates in the adult population of Lucknow District, India","volume":"40","author":"Midha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Prev SocMed"},{"key":"R49-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0122985","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122985","article-title":"Comparison of Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Adiposity Index (BAI), Waist Circumference (WC), Waist-To-Hip Ratio (WHR) and Waist-To-Height Ratio (WHtR) as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in an adult population in Singapore","volume":"10","author":"Lam","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"R50-27-20240828","first-page":"232","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of obesity measures:Relationship with blood pressures and hypertension","volume":"48","author":"Ghosh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"R51-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007000845","article-title":"Generalized and abdominal obesity and risk of diabetes, hypertension and hypertension-diabetes co-morbidity in England","volume":"11","author":"Hirani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"R52-27-20240828","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Relationships among hypertension, waist circumference, and body composition in a rural Mexican-American population","volume":"2","author":"Aguirre","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Family Med Community Health"},{"key":"R53-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000163635.62927.34","article-title":"Adipose tissue, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"96","author":"Berg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"R54-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1794","article-title":"Measuring abdominal obesity:Effects of height on distribution of cardiometabolic risk factors risk using waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio","volume":"34","author":"Schneider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R55-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.12.015","article-title":"Optimal anthropometric factor cutoffs for hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia for the Taiwanese population","volume":"210","author":"Tseng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"R56-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-09-0161","article-title":"Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk in Korean adults","volume":"73","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"R57-27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20171854","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertension and its association with anthropometric parameters in adult population of Raipur city, Chhattisgarh, India","volume":"5","author":"Panda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Res Med Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_658_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:09:22Z","timestamp":1787166562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_658_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_658_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}}}