{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:40:38Z","timestamp":1787071238584,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antibiotic resistance has become quite a challenge in the treatment of bacterial infections in the world. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the pattern of antibiotic resistance among microorganisms isolated from the culture medium prepared from hospitalized patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The type of study was cross-sectional descriptive. The antibiotic resistance pattern of positive samples collected from patients who got hospitalized in Shahid Faghihi hospital of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences between 2020 and 2021 using the disc diffusion method according to CLSI standards was measured. Then the data were entered into SPSS version 22 software and analyzed with appropriate statistical tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of all positive samples, 69.7% were Gram-negative and the rest were Gram-positive. The most frequent Gram-negative bacteria were\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (31.4%),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (25.3), and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella pneumonia<\/jats:italic>\n                      (21.2%), and the most frequent Gram-positive bacteria were\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (79%),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coagulase-negative staphylococci<\/jats:italic>\n                      (15.4%), and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (3.6%). The resistance rate of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella pneumonia<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeroginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      against ciprofloxacin was 91.4%, 74.3%, and 52.3%; the resistance rate against gentamicin was 90.5%, 54.3%, and 43.9%; the resistance rate against Piperacillin-Tazobactam was 85.6%, 65%, and 43.1%; the resistance rate against imipenem was 97.1%, 57.9%, and 65.4%; and the resistance rate against colostin was 1.9%, 0%, and 3.4%, respectively. The resistance rate of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      against cefoxotin and vancomycin was 42.7% and 2.8%, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Finally, we concluded from this study that microorganisms isolated from patients have developed resistance to many commonly used antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_67_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T14:01:13Z","timestamp":1725976873000},"page":"3647-3652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of the pattern of antibiotic resistance among microorganisms isolated from the culture medium prepared from hospitalized patients: A retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Davarpanah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Vares Vazirian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2015.276","article-title":"Device-associated infection rates in 20 cities of India, data summary for 2004-2013: Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium","volume":"37","author":"Mehta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"R2-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2004.09.001","article-title":"Winning ways","volume":"58","author":"Spencer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"R3-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.24.3151","article-title":"Emergence of domestically acquired ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella infections associated with AmpC beta-lactamase","volume":"284","author":"Dunne","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R4-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-4-200102200-00014","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in the intensive care unit","volume":"134","author":"Kollef","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R5-20241104","first-page":"686","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant infections in primary care are symptomatic for longer and increase workload: Outcomes for patients with E. coli UTIs","volume":"56","author":"Butler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"R6-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.01057.x","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of E. coli from community-acquired urinary tract infections in relation to demographic and clinical data","volume":"11","author":"Al\u00f3s","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"R7-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7054.387","article-title":"Do antimicrobials increase the carriage rate of penicillin resistant pneumococci in children? Cross sectional prevalence study","volume":"313","author":"Arason","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R8-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1086\/375081","article-title":"The impact of antimicrobial resistance on health and economic outcomes","volume":"36","author":"Cosgrove","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R9-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17907-0","article-title":"Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: A cross-national database study","volume":"365","author":"Goossens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R10-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32833f0d3e","article-title":"Multiresistant gram-negative infections: A global perspective","volume":"23","author":"Ho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R11-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01934","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01934-17","article-title":"CLSI methods development and standardization working group best practices for evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility tests","volume":"56","author":"Humphries","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R12-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-3-14","article-title":"Emerging resistance among bacterial pathogens in the intensive care unit--a European and North American Surveillance study (2000-2002)","volume":"3","author":"Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"R13-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1086\/313902","article-title":"Endemic carbapenem-resistant A.baumannii species in Brooklyn, New York: Citywide prevalence, interinstitutional spread, and relation to antibiotic usage","volume":"31","author":"Manikal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R14-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.10.010","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Gram-negative bacilli of nosocomial origin at 2 university hospitals in Iran","volume":"60","author":"Hadadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R15-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.15171\/jnp.2017.35","article-title":"Evaluating the resistance pattern of gram-negative bacteria during three years at the nephrology ward of a referral hospital in southwest of Iran","volume":"6","author":"Karimzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nephropathol"},{"key":"R16-20241104","first-page":"1006","article-title":"Investigation of antibiotic resistance pattern of non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria isolated from patients in a referral hospital, Shiraz, Southwest Iran","volume":"14","author":"Jafarinodoushan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PJMHS"},{"key":"R17-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2012.11.006","article-title":"Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance among commonly encountered bacteria associated with infections and colonization in intensive care units in a university-affiliated hospital in Shanghai","volume":"47","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"R18-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.5.1681-1688.2003","article-title":"Surveillance for antimicrobial susceptibility among clinical isolates of P.aeroginosa aeruginosa and A.baumannii from hospitalized patients in the United States, 1998 to 2001","volume":"47","author":"Karlowsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"R19-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.4103\/2279-042X.192460","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Gram-positive bacteria during three consecutive years at the nephrology ward of a tertiary referral hospital in Shiraz, Southwest Iran","volume":"5","author":"Karimzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Res Pharm Pract"},{"key":"R20-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S215329","article-title":"Evaluating the antimicrobial resistance patterns among major bacterial pathogens isolated from clinical specimens taken from patients in Mofid Children's Hospital, Tehran, Iran: 2013-2018","volume":"12","author":"Azimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"R21-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FSO464","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2019-0122","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance pattern of S.aureus with reference to MRSA isolates from pediatric patients","volume":"6","author":"Gurung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Sci OA"},{"key":"R22-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.07.010","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance patterns of S.aureus: Amulti center study from India","volume":"98","author":"Mendem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"R23-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1039\/C9MD00044E","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Antibiotic-resistance and the biofilm phenotype","volume":"10","author":"Craft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medchemcomm"},{"key":"R24-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783X-15-12-507","article-title":"Nosocomial methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) pneumonia: Linezolid or vancomycin?-Comparison of pharmacology and clinical efficacy","volume":"15","author":"Pletz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"R25-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e167","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01855-y","article-title":"Molecular characterization, antibiotic resistance pattern and capsular types of invasive S.pneumoniae isolated from clinical samples in Tehran, Iran","volume":"20","author":"Beheshti","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"R26-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8053","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.8053","article-title":"Serotype distribution and antibiotics susceptibility pattern of S.pneumonia in Iran","volume":"15","author":"Habibian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"key":"R27-20241104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15942","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015942","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance profiles and multidrug resistance patterns of S.pneumoniae in pediatrics: A multicenter retrospective study in mainland China","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_67_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:43:32Z","timestamp":1787067812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_67_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_67_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863","2278-7135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-7135","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-13","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-12","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}