{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:50:02Z","timestamp":1790387402736,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Toxoplasmosis is one of the neglected parasitic disease in humans and animals that produced via toxoplasma gondii. This study we implemented an umbrella review of all existing systematic reviews, meta-analyzing studies to apprise, and summarize seroprevalence of human toxoplasmosis in worldwide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The search was carried out in databases including: Pub Med, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and global health from their start dates until December 2018 in Persian and English language. A total of 21 systematics review and meta-analysis met the inclusion criteria of umbrella review. The Q test and the I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistic were used to evaluate heterogeneities. Quality assessment were performed and made use of the AMSTAR tool.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimated pooled seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in blood donors, Immunocompromised patients, childbearing age women, general population, newborns and children, pregnant women and overall was 33% (95% CI, 29.0\u201338.0%), 42.0% (95 CI, 34.0\u201349.0%), 32.0% (CI, 26.0\u201338.0%), 42.0% (CI, 38.0\u201345.0%), 4.0% (CI, 2.0\u20135.0%), 40.0% (CI,37.0\u201344.0%), and 36% (CI, 24.0\u201348.0%), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of our umbrella review show a higher seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in immunocompromised patients, general population, pregnant women, blood donors, childbearing age women, and newborn groups, respectively. Routine serologic screening test and health education by primary care physicians for Toxoplasmosis is recommended to be conducted in high-risk groups in the endemic region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_753_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T05:57:47Z","timestamp":1598939867000},"page":"3848-3855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection: An umbrella review of updated systematic reviews and meta-analyses"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Vahid","family":"Rahmanian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karamatollah","family":"Rahmanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdolreza Sotoodeh","family":"Jahromi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saied","family":"Bokaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Zoonosis Division, Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24361-8","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women and livestock in the mainland of China: A systematic review and hierarchical meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R2-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.09.016","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma infection in blood donors in Jahrom District, Southern Iran","volume":"5","author":"Davami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"R3-20260817","first-page":"S71","article-title":"Toxoplasma seroepidemiology in women who intend to marry in Jahrom, Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"19","author":"Davami","year":"2014","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"R4-20260817","first-page":"186","article-title":"Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in cats in Espirito Santo State, Brazil","volume":"4","author":"Fux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Devel Nutr"},{"key":"R5-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2520","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in owned domestic cats in Australia","volume":"20","author":"Brennan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"R6-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0138204","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138204","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of anti-toxoplasma gondii medicines in humans","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R7-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2020.01.001","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis and behavioural changes","volume":"43","author":"Desmettre","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"R8-20260817","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in a representative Australian human population: The Busselton health study","volume":"8","author":"Molan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Global Health"},{"key":"R9-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006545","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006545","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in rheumatoid arthritis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Hosseininejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R10-20260817","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.897155","article-title":"Is toxoplasma gondii infection a risk factor for leukemia? 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