{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:02:17Z","timestamp":1787169737583,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 is known to cause extrapulmonary manifestations, including gastrointestinal and abnormal liver functions. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to explain the pathobiology of liver damage: ACE2 receptor cholangiocytes mediated systemic inflammation, cytokine storm, hyperinflammation, and hypoxic changes. This was a cross-sectional study done in Department of General Medicine,JJM Medical College Davangere between July and September 2020 of patients falling under Category B and Category C.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim is to describe the clinical characteristics in patients of COVID-19 and investigate the gender difference with particular regard to liver impairment.Confirmation of COVID-19 positivity was based on RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Laboratory investigations and clinical data was analyzed using SPSS Statistics 27.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The final study population consisted of 116 patients. On performing the Mann Whitney U test, adjusted\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      values reveal a significant difference in ALT (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0348), total bilirubin (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0012) and direct bilirubin (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0024). The degree of hypoalbuminemia in males was significantly higher than in females (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0075). Other biochemical parameters, however, did not show significant difference amongst patients based on gender. Acute kidney injury was the most prevalent condition, present in 67.2% of the patients. Other co-morbidities were diabetes mellites, chronic liver disease, hypertension, hepatitis B and C, and hypothyroidism.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ultrasonography of the abdomen is an essential investigation for all patients testing positive for COVID-19. Pre-existing disease may aggravate the viral hepatic injury, thereby worsening the clinical outcome. The profiles of liver toxicity of the drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19 also warrant watchful monitoring of liver function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_7_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T11:54:47Z","timestamp":1645876487000},"page":"758-761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Liver: Function and dysfunction in COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Harisha","family":"EJ","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, JJM Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddharth","family":"Gosavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, JJM Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amogh A.","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, JJM Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GV","family":"Sahana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, JJM Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanath","family":"Manjunath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, JJM Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TC","family":"Meghana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, JJM Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0695-z","article-title":"The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus:Classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat 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infection","author":"Chai","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"B10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.002","article-title":"Clinical features of COVID-19-related liver functional abnormality","volume":"18","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B11-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020040419","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in COVID-19:Emerging evidence of a distinct pathophysiology","volume":"31","author":"Batlle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"B12-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00423","article-title":"COVID-19 and the Kidneys:An update","volume":"7","author":"Benedetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B13-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8142","article-title":"Is albumin predictor of mortality in COVID-19","volume":"35","author":"Violi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"B14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02995-3","article-title":"The association of low serum albumin level with severe COVID-19:A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Aziz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary 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