{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:30:07Z","timestamp":1786739407903,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the preponderance of oral mucosal lesions and conditions in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patient tested Seropositive for HIV and on HAART therapy were clinically examined to evaluate prevalence of oral lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the pool of 152 HIV positive patients in the study, age ranged from 7 to 71 years, 67 were males and 85 females. The duration of the HAART medication was 43 months. Oral lesion was present in 51.32% of patients related to infection. Oral lesions seen in descending order of frequency were periodontitis, mucosal hyperpigmentation, acute gingivitis, oral candidiasis, linear gingival erythema, stomatitis, and nonspecific ulcers. Totally, 48.68% of patients had no oral lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Majority of the HIV patients on HAART exhibited periodontitis (30.77%), mucosal hyperpigmentation (17.44%), gingivitis (10.77%), anemic stomatitis (11.28%), and other oral lesions accounted to 29.74% which may be attributed to Anti Retro Viral Therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_881_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,27]],"date-time":"2020-09-27T08:49:53Z","timestamp":1601196593000},"page":"4821-4825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Prevalence of oromucosal lesions in HIV positive patients receiving haart-A prospective clinical study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Saritha","family":"Maloth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Koppal Institute of Medical Sciences, Koppal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TR","family":"Shrinivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Koppal Institute of Medical Sciences, Koppal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Krishna Pramod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.J.","family":"Nagarathna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21037\/fomm.2019.12.01","article-title":"Head and neck lesions among HIV\/AIDS patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy attending the Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"2","author":"Masele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oral Maxillofac Med"},{"key":"R3-20260813","first-page":"8987","article-title":"Oral health as a gateway to HIV diagnosis and treatment \u2013 a review","volume":"7","author":"Sethi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Recent Sci Res Res"},{"key":"R4-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.149640","article-title":"The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral manifestation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Karnataka, India","volume":"9","author":"Patil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"key":"R5-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.159169","article-title":"Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy use on oral manifestations in pediatric patients infected with HIV","volume":"26","author":"Oliscovicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Dental Res"},{"key":"R6-20260813","year":"2018","journal-title":"UNAIDS Data 2018"},{"key":"R7-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.06.008","article-title":"Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral lesions in HIV-positive patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"de Almeida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surgery"},{"key":"R8-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9020088","article-title":"Oral manifestations in HIV-positive children: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Lauritano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"R10-20260813","first-page":"E33","article-title":"Prevalence of oral lesions in HIV patients related to CD4 cell count and viral load in a Venezuelan population","volume":"11","author":"Bravo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"key":"R11-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3417632","article-title":"The role of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on interleukin 17A (IL-17A) in normotensive and preeclamptic black South African women","volume":"2020","author":"Phoswa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R12-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2000.290708.x","article-title":"Decline in the rate of oral opportunistic infections following introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"29","author":"Schmidt-Westhausen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"R13-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2007.0159","article-title":"Short communication: Oral lesions in HIV\/AIDS patients undergoing HAART including efavirenz","volume":"24","author":"Aquino-Garc\u00eda","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"R14-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2006.0211","article-title":"Prevalence of oral manifestations of HIV infection in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil from 1988 to 2004","volume":"21","author":"Ferreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"R15-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.18203\/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20190067","article-title":"A study of oral lesions among HIV infected ENT patients","volume":"5","author":"Soundara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R16-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.53.203","article-title":"Oral manifestations of HIV infection and their correlation with CD4 count","volume":"53","author":"Bodhade","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"key":"R17-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00326.x","article-title":"Oral lesions and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in 300 south Indian patients","volume":"6","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R18-20260813","first-page":"700","article-title":"Oral lesions in infection with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"83","author":"Coogan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R19-20260813","first-page":"121","article-title":"Head and neck cancers among HIV-positive patients: A five year retrospective study from a Johannesburg hospital, South Africa","volume":"73","author":"Zwane","year":"2018","journal-title":"S Afr Dent J"},{"key":"R20-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E12351","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12351","article-title":"Systematic review of the changing pattern of the oral manifestations of HIV","volume":"9","author":"El Howati","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Investig Clin Dent"},{"key":"R21-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-0999-7","article-title":"Evaluation of oral care protocols practice by dentists in Rio de Janeiro towards HIV\/AIDS individuals","volume":"20","author":"Silva-Boghossian","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"R22-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V33N4p37S","article-title":"Oral lesions and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency viral infection in 1000 South Indian patients","volume":"33","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"R23-20260813","first-page":"448","article-title":"Prevalence of oral lesions and periodontal diseases in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy","volume":"10","author":"Kroidl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"R24-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4359","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.156886","article-title":"Estimation of prevalence of periodontal disease and oral lesions and their relation to CD4 counts in HIV seropositive patients on antiretroviral therapy regimen reporting at District General Hospital, Raichur","volume":"19","author":"Ravi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Periodontol"},{"key":"R25-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.21037\/fomm.2019.12.01","article-title":"Head and neck lesions among HIV\/AIDS patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy attending the Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"2","author":"Masele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oral Maxillofac Med"},{"key":"R26-20260813","first-page":"1","article-title":"Oral health management of 97 patients living with HIV\/AIDS in Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"29","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"R27-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-6-12","article-title":"Oral manifestations of HIV infection in children and adults receiving highly active anti-retroviral therapy [HAART] in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"6","author":"Hamza","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"R28-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_191_17","article-title":"CD4 cell counts and oral manifestations in HIV infected and AIDS patients","volume":"22","author":"Ratnam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"},{"key":"R29-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.53.379","article-title":"Oral lesions associated with HIV infection before and during the antiretroviral therapy era in Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Brazil","volume":"53","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"key":"R30-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2006.01232.x","article-title":"Oral manifestations in HIV\/AIDS infected patients from India","volume":"12","author":"Sharma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R31-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-1237(11)60122-6","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of HIV \u2013 a detailed study of morphological variants, markers of advanced disease, and the changing spectrum","volume":"68","author":"Vasudevan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"key":"R32-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12304","article-title":"Oral innate immunity in HIV infection in HAART era","volume":"45","author":"Nittayananta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"R33-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-7-19","article-title":"The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the clinical features of HIV-related oral lesions in Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Taiwo","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"R34-20260813","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2332-0877.1000272","article-title":"Distribution of oral manifestation among HIV patients attending art centers in Chennai","volume":"4","author":"Prasanth","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis Ther"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_881_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:28:43Z","timestamp":1786735723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_881_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_881_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863","2278-7135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-7135","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-16","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-20","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}