{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:40:55Z","timestamp":1791398455795,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Though, smoking is the leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease worldwide, the household air pollution due to use of solid biomass fuel is considered as a major risk factor for the development of obstructive lung disease. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of solid biomass fuel exposure on lung functions in non-smoking female population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A hospital based, descriptive cross sectional study was carried out among 140 non-smoking female patients aged 40 or more and who had been exposed to solid biomass fuel. These patients underwent spirometry to assess their lung function and were classified as obstructive, restrictive or mixed. Modified medical research council (mMRC) dyspnoea scale for symptom assessment, 6-minute walk test (6 MWT) to determine the exercise capacity and Cumulative exposure index to assess the duration of exposure were also done.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All 140 (100%) patients having abnormal lung function, 4 (2.86%) had restrictive pattern, 5 (3.57%) had mixed pattern and 131 (93.57%) had obstructive pattern. Of 131 patients having obstructive pattern, 11 had mild obstruction, 49 had moderate obstruction, 39 had severe obstruction and 32 had very severe obstruction. Most commonly used biomass fuel was wood (43.57%). All the patients had shortness of breath, whereas cough was present in only 35.71% cases. 77 (55%) patients presented with a dyspnoea of mMRC grade 3 and above.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cumulative exposure index for solid biomass fuel is directly proportional to the severity of lung impairment as well as the symptom severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_883_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T10:17:00Z","timestamp":1656584220000},"page":"2499-2502","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The adverse effects of solid biomass fuel exposure on lung functions in non-smoking female population"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ankur","family":"Garg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharad","family":"Bagri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devendra K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohan B.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shailendra N.","family":"Gaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25326","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.25326","article-title":"Disease burden due to biomass cooking-fuel-related household air pollution among women in India","volume":"7","author":"Sehgal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"B2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2012.663030","article-title":"Effect of indoor air pollution from biomass and solid fuel combustion on prevalence of self-reported asthma among adult men and women in India:Findings from a nationwide large-scale cross-sectional survey","volume":"49","author":"Agrawal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"B3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.5455\/2320-6012.ijrms20141145","article-title":"Effect of chronic exposure to biomass fuel smoke on pulmonary function test parameters","volume":"2","author":"Arora","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"B4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178622119874314","DOI":"10.1177\/1178622119874314","article-title":"Respiratory health status of rural women exposed to liquefied petroleum gas and solid biomass fuel emissions","volume":"12","author":"Kaur-Sidhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Air Soil Water Res"},{"key":"B5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5846-2","article-title":"Chronic bronchitis and airflow obstruction is associated with household cooking fuel use among never-smoking women:A community-based cross-sectional study in Odisha, India","volume":"18","author":"Panigrahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B6-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S109056","article-title":"Effects of biomass smoke on pulmonary functions:A case control study","volume":"11","author":"Balcan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B7-20240828","journal-title":"Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2021 (GOLD 2021)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_883_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:01:05Z","timestamp":1787756465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_883_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_883_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863","2278-7135"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"},{"value":"2278-7135","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-05-13","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-11","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}