{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:36:51Z","timestamp":1787773011292,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Down syndrome which is also known as \u201ctrisomy 21\u201d is the commonest chromosomal defect that has been associated with intellectual disability or impairment. Clinically, it has been characterized by the generalized presence of hypotonic musculature, variety of neurobiological alterations, numerous respiratory diseases, and significantly higher risk of developing infection along with various dental abnormalities and oro-facial dysmorphological changes. Periodontal diseases are the most prominent oral health issue among individuals diagnosed with Down Syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aim:<\/jats:title>\n The objective of the present prevalence analysis was to study the implications of Down\u2019s syndrome on oral health status among patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n This was a descriptive and cross-sectional prevalence analysis conducted within a duration of 1 year. A total of 100 children diagnosed with Down syndrome (aged between 5 and 16 years) were selected as the study sample. Inclusion criteria were (a) cytogenetic positive trisomy 21, (b) cooperative behavior, and (c) written informed consent obtained from the legal care-takers. Exclusion criteria were (a) any debilitating form of systemic diseases, (b) any other disability, and (c) extremely uncooperative children. The gingival health status was assessed using gingival index (GI) [Loe and Silness], calculus index (CI) [Ramfjord], and plaque index (PI) [Silness and Loe]. Information involving the practice of oral hygiene maintenance, diet plans, and parental educational status was derived from each parent. Based upon their intelligence quotient (I. Q.) values, the subjects were classified into three groups: a) mild (I. Q. level = 50 to 70), b) moderate (I. Q. level = 35 to 50), and c) severe (I. Q. level \u226435). Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical software tool Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Qualitative data were recorded as frequencies, and percentages and quantitative data were recorded as mean and standard deviation values. All categorical outcomes were analyzed by means of the Chi-square test. The quantitative outcomes of Calculus Index, Gingival Index, and Plaque Index were analyzed by either student\u2019s\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significance was set at a cut-off value of\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Down syndromic children between 12 and 16 years were reported to have statistically significant higher Calculus Index, Gingival Index, and Plaque Index values in comparison with younger age syndromic children (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.01). Those with severe mental retardation had significantly higher Plaque Index (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) and Gingival Index (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.04) values when compared with those with mild and moderate mental retardation. No significant difference in comparing Calculus Index was noted.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Higher age group children with Down syndrome require close monitoring by parents for assisting in maintaining oral hygiene practices just as in younger age group children.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_885_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T06:06:24Z","timestamp":1638425184000},"page":"4247-4252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Implications of Down\u2019s syndrome on oral health status in patients"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"E. V. Soma Sekhar","family":"Goud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saakshi","family":"Gulati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akriti","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Pani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Nishant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samarjeet J.","family":"Pattnaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivam","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.2011.01007.x","article-title":"Teeth fracture among visually impaired and sighted children of 12 and 15 years age groups of Udaipur city, India- A comparative study","volume":"27","author":"Bhat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent Traumatol"},{"key":"R2-49-20240828","first-page":"309","article-title":"The prevalence of oral and dental anomalies in Down syndrome children in Western region, Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","author":"Fansa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci Res"},{"key":"R3-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.25121\/NS.2019.24.1.20","article-title":"Oral hygiene and periodontal status in childen and adolescents with Down syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Zietek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nowa Stomatol"},{"key":"R4-49-20240828","first-page":"221","article-title":"Down's syndrome- The impact of increased expression of genes of the 21st chromosome on the functions of immunity and nervous system","volume":"98","author":"Sustrova","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bratisl Lek Listy"},{"key":"R5-49-20240828","first-page":"311","article-title":"Reflection of the pathogenesis of Down syndrome","volume":"405","author":"Opitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Med Genet Supp"},{"key":"R6-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/35012518","article-title":"The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21","volume":"405","author":"Hattori","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R7-49-20240828","first-page":"40","article-title":"Oral health considerations for patients with down syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Kanagaraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Decisions Dent"},{"key":"R8-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-002-0703-x","article-title":"Cephalometrics in children with Down Syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Queentanilla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"R9-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.152","article-title":"A histological and radiological investigation of the nasal bone in fetuses with Down syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Tuxen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R10-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.16445","article-title":"Dentofacial changes and oral health status in mentally challenged children","volume":"23","author":"Bhowate","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent"},{"key":"R11-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2006.09.004","article-title":"Odontometrics: A useful method for sex determination in an archaeological skeletal population?","volume":"34","author":"Vodanovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Arch Sci"},{"key":"R12-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-5712(99)00052-4","article-title":"Accuracy of estimation of dental treatment need in special care patients","volume":"20","author":"Hennequin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"R13-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-4505.2007.tb00346.x","article-title":"Why is periodontal disease more prevalent and more severe in people with Down syndrome?","volume":"27","author":"Morgan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spec Care Dent"},{"key":"R14-49-20240828","first-page":"105","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative characteristic characteristics of the face in Down Syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Fisher","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Mich Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R15-49-20240828","first-page":"24","article-title":"Special considerations\u2026 for the dental professionals for patients with Down's syndrome","volume":"84","author":"Wilson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Okla Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R16-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-4505.2001.tb00230.x","article-title":"Prevalence of numeric anomalies in the permanent dentition of patients with Down syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Acerbi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spec Care Dentist"},{"key":"R18-49-20240828","first-page":"e5101","article-title":"Evaluation of oral hygiene in children with Down syndrome using the busy book Ayo sikat Gigi as an educational toy","volume":"19","author":"Rizal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clin Integr"},{"key":"R19-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2017.41.1.97","article-title":"Motor and cognitive developmental profiles in children with Down syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"R20-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22672","article-title":"Down syndrome- A narrative review with a focus on anatomical features","volume":"29","author":"Arumugam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"R21-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080692","article-title":"Antioxidants in down syndrome: From preclinical studies to clinical trials","volume":"9","author":"Rueda Revilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel"},{"key":"R22-49-20240828","first-page":"e5304","article-title":"Occurrence of gingivitis and oral hygiene in individuals with Down syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Amira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clin Integr"},{"key":"R23-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrp.2014.09.004","article-title":"Dentofacial and cranial changes in Down syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Shukla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res Perspect"},{"key":"R24-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-020-00211-y","article-title":"Down syndrome and oral health: Mothers\u2019 perception on their children's oral health and its impact","volume":"4","author":"AlJameel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Patient Rep Outcomes"},{"key":"R25-49-20240828","first-page":"430","article-title":"Oral care experiences and challenges for children with down syndrome: Reports from caregivers","volume":"42","author":"Stein Duker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"R26-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0762.139429","article-title":"Oral hygiene and gingival health status of children with Down syndrome in Yemen: A cross-sectional study","volume":"4","author":"Al-Sufiyani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Comm Dent"},{"key":"R27-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.51.333","article-title":"Oral health status of mentally disabled subjects in India","volume":"51","author":"Jain","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"key":"R28-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-8-30","article-title":"Oral health status and treatment needs of childen and young adults attending a day center for individuals with special health care needs","volume":"8","author":"Oredugka","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"R29-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1995_032_0188_tmiccw_2.3.co_2","article-title":"Tooth malalignments in children with Down syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Ondarza","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"R30-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865690","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2020.1865690","article-title":"Oral microbiome in down syndrome and its implications on oral health","volume":"13","author":"Willis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"R31-49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00681.x","article-title":"Prevalence of oral health problems in a group of individuals with Down syndrome in France","volume":"42","author":"Hennequin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_885_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:15:55Z","timestamp":1787771755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_885_21"}},"subtitle":["A prevalence-based study"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_885_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["2249-4863"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2249-4863","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}}}