{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:10:42Z","timestamp":1790269842104,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Due to a myriad of risk factors, epistaxis is a very frequent presentation to the emergency room (ER). This study aims to ascertain the prevalence of epistaxis in our population, risk factors, effectiveness of ER treatment, complications, and ER outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a prospective observational study performed in the ER of a referral tertiary care center in south India. Data were categorized, coded, and analyzed to determine the objective of the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During the study's six-month duration, 188 (0.6%) patients presented with epistaxis. The mean age was 42.9 (SD: 16.49) years, with a male preponderance of 143 (76.1%). A majority of these patients (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 156; 82.9%) were triaged as priority II, with hypertension (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 53, 28.2%) as the commonest comorbidities. Trauma-related epistaxis (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 107, 56.9%) was the most frequent cause. Anterior nasal packing was carried out for 85 (45.2%) patients, posterior nasal packing was carried out for one (0.5%) patient, and bleeding had spontaneously resolved in the majority (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 102; 54.3%) patients. Seven (3.7%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value: 0.001) patients had recurrent epistaxis, and of those, three (1.6%) required urgent resuscitation with crystalloid fluid and blood products. Two of these patients had bleeding dyscrasias, four had history of trauma, and one patient presented with uncontrolled hypertension. Two (1.1%) patients came back to us with recurrent bleeding within 12 h of discharge. Majority (69.2%; 130) were discharged stable, (23.9%; 45) were admitted for observation and (6.9%; 13) were discharged against medical advice. There was no mortality among these study populations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Middle-young, aged males most commonly presented with epistaxis. Most of them were secondary to trauma. Anterior nasal bleeding was the most common source and hemostasis could be obtained by anterior nasal packing. Majority could be discharged stable from the ER. However, this cohort had seen patients in life-threatening conditions, so the severity cannot be overlooked.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_889_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T05:02:44Z","timestamp":1700456564000},"page":"2721-2726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prospective review of 188 cases of epistaxis presenting to the emergency department: Etiology and outcome"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Prethesh","family":"Raaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darpanarayan","family":"Hazra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Peerless Hospitex Hospital and Research Center Ltd., Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina M.","family":"Chandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christna R.","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Ganesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2004.12.014","article-title":"Epidemiology of epistaxis in US emergency departments, 1992 to 2001","volume":"46","author":"Pallin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"R2-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otorri.2017.11.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of epistaxis in the emergency department of a southern European tertiary care hospital","volume":"69","author":"Reis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"R3-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892419876740","article-title":"Epidemiologic and outcome analysis of epistaxis in a tertiary care center emergency department","volume":"34","author":"Bui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"key":"R5-20260512","first-page":"228","article-title":"Rhinological disorders in the elderly","volume":"15","author":"Janzen","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"R6-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1301-58","article-title":"Epistaxis in geriatric patients","volume":"44","author":"Y\u00fcksel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"R7-20260512","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4314\/wajm.v28i3.48443","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of aetiology and management of epistaxis in a south-western Nigerian teaching hospital","volume":"28","author":"Akinpelu","year":"2009","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"key":"R8-20260512","first-page":"933","article-title":"Epistaxis. 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