{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:31:43Z","timestamp":1786739503424,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 infection is an ongoing public health crisis causing millions of deaths worldwide. COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) are more vulnerable to acquire secondary bloodstream infections (sBSIs) which cause a significant morbidity and mortality. Thus, we aim to assess the risk factors of sBSIs and outcomes in COVID-19 ICU patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred blood culture samples with growth (cases) and other 100 blood culture with no growth(controls) were collected.. All the demographic data, laboratory data and antimicrobial resistance pattern were analysed . Blood culture bottle received in the Microbiology laboratory were loaded into Automated blood culture system. Flagged bottles were processed for final identification by MALDI TOF and automated antibiotic susceptibility testing. Flagged bottles were processed for final identification by MALDI TOF and automated antibiotic susceptibility testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Raised C-reactive protein (CRP) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0035), interleukin-6 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0404), mechanical ventilation (MV) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.024), prior antimicrobial exposure (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002), longer ICU stay with median 11 days (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.022), and higher mortality rate (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001) were significantly associated with the BSI. A significant proportion of BSIs were Gram-negative bacteria (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 115) such as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      38 (33%) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      30 (26%). Monomicrobial organisms in blood yielded a higher proportion in our study 72 (72%). The highest resistance for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      species (50) was observed with ceftazidime 29 (96.6%) amikacin 48 (96%), meropenem 48 (96%), cefotaxime 47 (94%), ciprofloxacin 46 (92%), and netilmicin 46 (92%).\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      was highly resistant to cefotaxime 29 (96.6%), ceftazidime 29 (96.6%), ciprofloxacin 22 (73.3%), and cefuroxime 21 (70%). Among Gram-positive organisms,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species showed that a resistance for high-level gentamicin and penicillin was 66.6%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Raised CRP, need of MV, prior antimicrobial exposure, and longer ICU stay should alarm clinicians for BSI. Hence, our study highlights the associated risk factors for BSI and emphasizes adherence to hospital infection control policies and antibiotic stewardship program.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_108_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T04:07:07Z","timestamp":1719461227000},"page":"60-67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Associated Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes of Bloodstream Infections among COVID-19 Intensive Care Unit Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mahalakshmamma Dasarahalli","family":"Shivalingappa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, St. John\u2019s Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 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