{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:51:55Z","timestamp":1791204715347,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pandemic situation by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and the associated disease (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) presents broad challenges. Post-COVID-19 condition represents a continuum of persistent symptoms following the acute course. The World Health Organization (WHO) proposes a definition with at least one symptom persisting for 3 months postonset. Negative affection toward quality of life (QoL) is frequently reported. Patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatic diseases (RDs) are of scientific interest as immunologic factors and immunosuppressive therapy might influence QoL in post-COVID-19 conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adult IMID patients (\u226518 years) were offered participation in this study at our university outpatient center. Data collection was questionnaire-based and recorded individual COVID-19 history and persisting symptoms. QoL has been assessed by several standardized and validated patient-reported outcome measures (Short IBD Questionnaire and Patient Health Questionnaire 4, 5Q-5D-5L).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 156 patients were included (117 [75%] with IBD, 39 [25%] with RDs). Eighty-one patients (51%) reported a positive COVID-19 history, mostly with mild courses. Only two (2%) required hospitalization, one requiring intensive care. Seven (9%) reported no symptoms, while 20 (25%) met the WHO criterion for post-COVID-19 condition; 19 (23%) were still suffering from post-COVID-19 at the time of data acquisition. Mean\/median global QoL scores (scale from 0 [=lowest] to 100 [=highest]) were 71.5\/75 in patients without post-COVID-19, compared to 61.9\/60 in those with the condition. A one-sided\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test showed a significant association between post-COVID-19 and lower QoL (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A relevant fraction of IMID patients suffered from post-COVID-19 condition. This condition negatively impacted the individual QoL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_142_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T14:00:31Z","timestamp":1786370431000},"page":"122-133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Post-COVID-19 Condition has High Prevalence in Patients with Immune-mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Negatively Impacts Quality of Life"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Tobias","family":"Schlosser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pneumology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Krasselt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Clinic III: Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pneumology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babett","family":"Holler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pneumology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albrecht","family":"Hoffmeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pneumology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20261005","journal-title":"WHO Director-General's Remarks at the Media Briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020"},{"key":"R2-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R3-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-6976","article-title":"The proportion of SARS-CoV-2 infections that are asymptomatic: A systematic review","volume":"174","author":"Oran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R4-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2137257","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.37257","article-title":"Global percentage of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections among the tested population and individuals with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"R5-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.06.013","article-title":"COVID-19: A complex multisystem disorder","volume":"125","author":"Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R6-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0331-4","article-title":"Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: A key role for monocytes and macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Merad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R7-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2020.08.009","article-title":"Immunopathology of hyperinflammation in COVID-19","volume":"191","author":"Gustine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"R8-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00703-9","article-title":"A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus","volume":"22","author":"Soriano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R9-20261005","journal-title":"CDC. Post-COVID Conditions: Information for Healthcare Providers"},{"key":"R10-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12603","article-title":"Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19","volume":"324","author":"Carf\u00ec","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R11-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17687","article-title":"Enhancing recovery from sepsis: A review","volume":"319","author":"Prescott","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R12-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.18931","article-title":"Estimated global proportions of individuals with persistent fatigue, cognitive, and respiratory symptom clusters following symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021","volume":"328","author":"Wulf Hanson","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R13-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09601-6","article-title":"Long COVID: Costs for the German economy and health care and pension system","volume":"23","author":"Gandjour","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"R14-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18673-z","article-title":"The chronification of post-COVID condition associated with neurocognitive symptoms, functional impairment and increased healthcare utilization","volume":"12","author":"Nehme","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R15-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s41971-019-00063-4","article-title":"Interdisciplinary management of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases - an austrian perspective","volume":"17","author":"H\u00f6genauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol Hepatol Erkr"},{"key":"R16-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.02.001","article-title":"Updated assessment of the prevalence, spectrum and case definition of autoimmune disease","volume":"11","author":"Hayter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"R17-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e481","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00112-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: The Euro-COVIMID multicentre cross-sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Saadoun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"R18-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.032","article-title":"Corticosteroids, But Not TNF antagonists, are associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: Results from an international registry","volume":"159","author":"Brenner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R19-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12049","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of severe COVID-19: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Sweden","volume":"9","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"R20-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.017","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R21-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6924e2","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 case surveillance \u2013 United States, January 22-May 30, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Stokes","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"R22-20261005","journal-title":"COVID-19 Vaccines: Authorised | European Medicines Agency"},{"key":"R23-20261005","author":"Gilman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics"},{"key":"R24-20261005","first-page":"6627035","article-title":"Symptoms and severity of COVID-19 in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: Experience of a university medical center","author":"Schlosser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis 2024"},{"key":"R25-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i839","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac190.0838","article-title":"P708 post-COVID-19 and quality of life in patients with immune mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"17","author":"Schlosser","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"R26-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2009.02.005","article-title":"The use of patient-reported outcomes instruments in registered clinical trials: Evidence from clinicaltrials.gov","volume":"30","author":"Scoggins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"R27-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890109002087","article-title":"EQ-5D: A measure of health status from the EuroQol Group","volume":"33","author":"Rabin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"R28-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-004-0264-z","article-title":"Validating the EQ-5D with time trade off for the German population","volume":"6","author":"Greiner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"},{"key":"R29-20261005","journal-title":"FFile: PHQ-D mit GAD-7.TIF \u2013 Wikimedia Commons"},{"key":"R30-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(89)80080-0","article-title":"A new measure of health status for clinical trials in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"96","author":"Guyatt","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"R31-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198806000-00014","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"10","author":"Mitchell","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R32-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-14868","article-title":"Validation of the new German translation version of the \u201cShort inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire\u201d (SIBDQ)]","volume":"38","author":"Rose","year":"2000","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R33-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2735","article-title":"Using R for introductory statistics. John Verzani, Chapman and Hall\/CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2005. ISBN 1-58488-4509","volume":"26","author":"Andres Houseman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Statist Med"},{"key":"R34-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-022-02033-6","article-title":"Impact of long-COVID on health-related quality of life in Japanese COVID-19 patients","volume":"20","author":"Tsuzuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"R35-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980430)17:8<873::AID-SIM779>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Interval estimation for the difference between independent proportions: Comparison of eleven methods","volume":"17","author":"Newcombe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"R36-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2022.152025","article-title":"DMARD disruption, rheumatic disease flare, and prolonged COVID-19 symptom duration after acute COVID-19 among patients with rheumatic disease: A prospective study","volume":"55","author":"Di Iorio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R37-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002587","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002587","article-title":"Prolonged COVID-19 symptom duration in people with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: Results from the COVID-19 global rheumatology alliance vaccine survey","volume":"8","author":"DiIorio","year":"2022","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"R38-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5575","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235575","article-title":"Long COVID in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"10","author":"Salvatori","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R39-20261005","year":"2022","journal-title":"Koch-Institut R. Retrospective phase classification of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany"},{"key":"R40-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e375","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00127-3","article-title":"Post-COVID condition in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases: A prospective cohort study in the Netherlands","volume":"5","author":"Boekel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"R41-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01909-w","article-title":"Symptoms and risk factors for long COVID in non-hospitalized adults","volume":"28","author":"Subramanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R42-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4997\/jrcpe.2021.405","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of long COVID in the UK: A single-centre observational study","volume":"51","author":"Nune","year":"2021","journal-title":"J R Coll Physicians Edinb"},{"key":"R43-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0091-9","article-title":"Fatigue in IBD: Epidemiology, pathophysiology and management","volume":"16","author":"Borren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R44-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00692-1","article-title":"Fatigue in inflammatory rheumatic diseases: Current knowledge and areas for future research","volume":"17","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"R45-20261005","first-page":"1467","article-title":"Fibromyalgia as a rheumatic pain syndrome","volume":"148","author":"Krasselt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"R46-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975992","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.975992","article-title":"What is the quality of life in patients with long COVID compared to a healthy control group?","volume":"10","author":"L\u00ed\u0161ka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"(Issue Supplement_3)","key":"R47-20261005","volume":"32","author":"Haagsma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Long COVID: health symptoms, impact on health-related quality of life and mapping to disability weights, European Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"R48-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-022-00395-z","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 syndrome is rarely associated with damage of the nervous system: Findings from a prospective observational cohort study in 171 patients","volume":"11","author":"Fleischer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"R49-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27405-w","article-title":"Association of preexisting psychiatric disorders with post-COVID-19 prevalence: A cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Kataoka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R50-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e247","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00066-8","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 condition in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases: The COVID-19 vaccination in autoimmune diseases (COVAD) study","volume":"5","author":"Sen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"R51-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30255-4","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis and depression: An inflammatory perspective","volume":"6","author":"Nerurkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"R52-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00014-5","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Barberio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R53-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3225","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead126","article-title":"To vaccinate or not to vaccinate: On vaccine hesitancy decreases in rheumatic diseases","volume":"62","author":"Krasselt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"R54-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01323.x","article-title":"The quality of life in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R55-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.4103\/err.err_39_19","article-title":"Impact of rheumatoid arthritis on the quality of life and its relation to disease activity","volume":"46","author":"Goma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt Rheumatol Rehabil"}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jgid.jgid_142_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:00:36Z","timestamp":1791201636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jgid.jgid_142_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jgid.jgid_142_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0974-777X","0974-8245"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0974-777X","type":"print"},{"value":"0974-8245","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-25","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-09","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}