{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T14:43:34Z","timestamp":1786718614565,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Global Infect Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_16_17","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,11]],"date-time":"2017-12-11T23:23:11Z","timestamp":1513034591000},"page":"146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Epidemiological trends of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah Province, Western Region of Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"MiskelyemenAbdelatti","family":"Elmekki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MogahidM","family":"Elhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HaniA","family":"Ozbak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"IlhamT","family":"Qattan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SattiM","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AliH","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-1","unstructured":"WHO Regional Publications, Eastern Mediterranean Series; 35, Manual for Case Management of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region; 2014. ISBN: 978-92-9021-945-3 ISBN: 978-92-9021-946-0 (online) ISSN: 1020-041X"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-2","first-page":"510","volume-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica in a young Moroccan child observed in Nice, France","author":"Marty","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-3","unstructured":"WHO. Control of the Leishmaniases. Report of a Meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases, 22-26 March, 2010. WHO: Geneva: 2010. p. 5-88."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-4","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Global change and human vulnerability to vector-borne diseases","author":"Sutherst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-5","first-page":"42","volume-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: An overview of parasitology and host-parasite-vector inter relationship","author":"Bari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pak Assoc Dermatologists"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-6","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Histopathology of cutaneous leishmaniasis","author":"Mehregan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gulf J Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-7","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Leishmaniasis","author":"Grevelink","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-8","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Innate immunity and leishmania vaccination strategies","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-9","first-page":"369","volume-title":"The role of TH1 and TH2 cells in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis","author":"Scott","year":"1989","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-10","first-page":"4819","volume-title":"In BALB\/c mice, IL-4 production during the initial phase of infection with leishmania major is necessary and sufficient to instruct Th2 cell development resulting in progressive disease","author":"Himmelrich","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-11","first-page":"419","volume-title":"Current diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis","author":"Goto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-12","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis","author":"Vega-L\u00f3pez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-13","first-page":"1409","volume-title":"Serodiagnosis of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) caused by Leishmania tropica in Sanliurfa Province, Turkey, where ACL is highly endemic","author":"Zeyrek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-14","first-page":"347","volume-title":"Molecular diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis and species identification: Analysis of 122 biopsies with varied parasite index","author":"Yehia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-15","first-page":"e334","volume-title":"Molecular characterization of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah province, western Saudi Arabia","author":"El-Beshbishy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-16","unstructured":"Hawary GH. Studies on Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Region of Saudi Arabia from 1972-1975. Proceeding of the Medical Symposium in Leishmaniasis; 22-24 March, 1980; Dammam, KSA. KSA: Ministry of Health; 1980. p. 73-8."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-17","first-page":"617","volume-title":"Cryosurgery in cutaneous leishmaniasis","author":"Bassiouny","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-18","first-page":"891","volume-title":"Fluconazole for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania major","author":"Alrajhi","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-19","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Combination therapy of sodium stibogluconate and rifampin in cutaneous leishmaniasis","author":"Pareek","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-20","first-page":"1220","volume-title":"Treatment trends of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Saudi Arabia","author":"Al-Jaser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-21","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. Health Statistical Year Book. Saudi Arabia: Ministry of Health; 2006."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-22","first-page":"667","volume-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia: Epidemiological trends from 2000 to 2010","author":"Amin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1995-7645","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-23","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. Health Statistical Year Book. Saudi Arabia: Ministry of Health; 2012."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-24","first-page":"64","volume-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Al-Ahsa Oasis in Saudi Arabia and in Sudan: A comparative study","author":"El","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saudi J Med Med Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1658-631X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-25","first-page":"621","volume-title":"Leishmania infecting man and wild animals in Saudi Arabia 6.Cutaneous leishmaniasis of man in the South-West","author":"al-Zahrani","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-26","first-page":"416","volume-title":"Phlebotomus sergenti, a vector of Leishmania tropica in Saudi Arabia","author":"Al-Zahrani","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-27","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Molecular characterization of Leishmania infection in sand flies from Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah province, Western Saudi Arabia","author":"El-Beshbishy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-28","first-page":"1435","volume-title":"Comparison of PCR assays for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis","author":"Bensoussan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-29","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Saudi Arabia: Current status","author":"Zakai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Adv Lab Res Biol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-30","first-page":"30","volume-title":"Assessing epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan, Iran","author":"Karami","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0972-9062","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-31","unstructured":"Birjees MK. Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Larkana District of Sindh Province with Particular Reference to Phlebotomine Sandflies: Public Health Division, National Institute of Health Islamabad, Pakistan; 2001."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-32","first-page":"273","volume-title":"Epidemiological and geographical aspects of leishmaniasis in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: A retrospective analysis of medical records, 2005-2008","author":"Morrone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-33","first-page":"253","volume-title":"Disease mapping of leishmaniasis outbreak in Afghanistan: Spatial hierarchical Bayesian analysis","author":"Adegboye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-34","first-page":"244","volume-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: A 46-year study of the epidemiology and clinical features in Saudi Arabia (1956-2002)","author":"Al-Tawfiq","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-35","first-page":"312","volume-title":"Trends in incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis from 1999 to 2005 in Ouagadougou, Burkina","author":"Bamba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Trop (Mars)"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-36","first-page":"495","volume-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kuwait","author":"Al-Taqi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-37","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis","author":"Klaus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-777X.220407-38","first-page":"287","volume-title":"Profile and geographical distribution of reported cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in Northwestern Saudi Arabia, from 2010 to 2013","author":"Haouas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1995-7645","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:37:25Z","timestamp":1786714645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jgid.jgid_16_17"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}},"alternative-id":["220407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jgid.jgid_16_17","relation":{},"ISSN":["0974-777X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0974-777X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017]]}}}