{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T02:30:10Z","timestamp":1788489010885,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n During the second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), superinfection caused by fungus and multidrug-resistant bacteria worsened the severity of illness in COVID-19 patients. Limited studies from India reported the antimicrobial resistance pattern of secondary infections. In this study, we aim to study the epidemiology of pathogens causing superinfections and genotyping of Gram-negative isolates in COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n This retrospective study was conducted at a dedicated COVID-19 center, India. The identification of bacteria\/fungi was done by Vitek2\n \u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n and matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry system. Identification of beta-lactamase genes was done using thermal cycler. The diagnosis of mucormycosis was based on 10% potassium hydroxide direct microscopy. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA version 15.1 (StataCorp., College Station, TX, USA). For continuous variables, mean and standard deviation were computed. For comparing proportions of secondary infections across admission location and outcomes, the Chi-squared test of independence was used. To compare the mean and median between intensive care units and outcomes, an independent\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test and a Mann\u2013Whitney test were used.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Of all the clinical samples, 45.4% of samples were cultured positive for secondary infections.\n Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n (35%) was the most common Gram-negative pathogen, while among Gram positive, it was\n Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n (40%). Among fungus, Candida spp. (61%) predominates followed by molds. Colistin and tigecycline proved effective against these pathogens.\n blaNDM<\/jats:italic>\n was the most prevalent gene followed by the\n blaOX<\/jats:italic>\n among the carbapenemase genes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The mortality rate among COVID-19 patients with secondary infection was significantly higher compared to the overall mortality rate in COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_238_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T06:30:55Z","timestamp":1670308255000},"page":"154-161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["High Prevalence of Fungal and NDM-OXA Producing Gram-Negative Bacterial Superinfections in the Second Wave of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Omika","family":"Katoch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Sharad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parul","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharad","family":"Srivastav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richa","family":"Aggrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Purva","family":"Mathur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-6-20240828","first-page":"359","article-title":"Unit of Antibiotic Resistance and Special Pathogens, Unit of Antibiotic Resistance and Special Pathogens of the Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, Rome. 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