{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:51:40Z","timestamp":1791204700510,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira spirochetes and remains a significant public health concern in tropical and subtropical regions of India. The humid subtropical climate of Eastern Uttar Pradesh favors its transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the occurrence, demographic characteristics, seasonal trends, and epidemiological distribution of leptospirosis in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 2430 clinically suspected cases. Serum samples were tested for Leptospira-specific IgM antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Demographic details, occupational exposure, seasonal variation, and district-wise distribution were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 2430 suspected cases, 550 (22.6%) were IgM positive. Gender distribution was nearly equal (49.4% males; 50.5% females). The highest prevalence was observed in males aged 11\u201320 years and females aged 21\u201340 years, with overall higher positivity in the 11\u201330 years age group. Seasonal peaks occurred in October among males and November among females, correlating with monsoon and post-monsoon periods. Housewives, farmers, and students showed higher positivity rates, indicating domestic and agricultural risk factors. Cases were reported from 16 districts, with the highest positivity in Deoria (33.3%), Prayagraj (31.2%), and Azamgarh (23.6%). Increased seroprevalence was noted among residents living along the River Ganga in Varanasi.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Leptospirosis is endemic in Eastern Uttar Pradesh with significant seasonal and occupational associations. Enhanced surveillance, early diagnosis, and targeted preventive strategies are essential to reduce disease burden in this subtropical region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_244_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T14:00:34Z","timestamp":1786370434000},"page":"105-111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unravelling of Leptospirosis in the Humid Subtropical Climate of the Eastern Part of Northern India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Manoj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudhir Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alka","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayank","family":"Gangwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development Research, Clinical Studies and Trial Unit, ICMR, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjeet Kumar","family":"Vishwakarma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish R.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonam","family":"Rastogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Viral Research and Diagnostic 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India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9597.1000120","article-title":"Leptospira: Morphology, classification and pathogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Mohammed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bacteriol Parasitol"},{"key":"R2-20261005","first-page":"199","article-title":"Leptospirosis diagnosis: Competency of various laboratory tests","volume":"8","author":"Budihal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"R3-20261005","year":"2011","journal-title":"Report of the Second Meeting of the Leptospirosis Burden Epidemiology Reference Group"},{"key":"R4-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003898","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","article-title":"Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: A systematic 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Infect"},{"key":"R22-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-024-00372-9","article-title":"Analysing the outbreaks of leptospirosis after floods in Kerala, India","volume":"23","author":"Ifejube","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"R23-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106675","article-title":"Early diagnosis and treatment of leptospirosis: Optimizing clinical outcomes","volume":"92","author":"Limothai","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"R24-20261005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13030667","article-title":"Diagnostic advances in leptospirosis: A comparative analysis of paraclinical tests with a focus on PCR","volume":"13","author":"Ciurariu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"R25-20261005","year":"2015","journal-title":"National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Ministry of Health and 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