{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:34:55Z","timestamp":1786739695256,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cholera is one of the health problems causing considerable morbidity and mortality. The Northern State of Sudan experienced a recent cholera outbreak, however, there are limited data on the outbreak.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude and risk factors associated with the cholera outbreak in the Northern State of Sudan. A retrospective case series study was conducted in the Northern State of Sudan, which involved tracing cases of cholera outbreak of 2017. Data were collected through reports and interviews. A geographical information system was used to map all cases during the outbreak. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to identify associated factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were 957 cholera cases reported in the state with an attack rate of 14.2\/10,000 persons. Dalgo locality had the highest number (415) of cases reported with an attack rate of 167.2\/10,000 persons. About 78% of cases were adult males, while 56.2% of cases were immigrants from other states. Immigrants in Halfa and Dalgo localities were four times (odds ratio [OR] = 4.031, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.482\u20136.547) and eight times (OR = 8.318, 95% CI: 5.674\u201312.193), respectively, at risk of cholera infection compared to immigrants in Dongola locality. The overall case-fatality rate was 1.9%. This was significantly higher in younger (5.8%) and older (22.7%) age groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study revealed that the cholera outbreak spread highly along with traditional gold mining areas due to poor sanitation. Therefore, improving sanitation services and establishing an effective surveillance system in these areas are essential to prevent future occurrence of outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_47_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]],"date-time":"2021-08-18T06:34:27Z","timestamp":1629268467000},"page":"115-119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association between Cholera Outbreak and Traditional Gold Mining in Northern State, Sudan 2017"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mohamed Ali","family":"Alzain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mogahid Hassan","family":"Haruwn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Osman","family":"Abdelaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Elsheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collins Otieno","family":"Asweto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad D.","family":"Algahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeniyi Abolaji","family":"Adeboye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najm Eldinn Elsser","family":"Elhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramaiah","family":"Itumalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.3934\/dcdsb.2016.21.1297","article-title":"Global well-posedness and asymptotic behavior of solutions to a reaction-convection-diffusion cholera epidemic model","volume":"21","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Discrete Continuous Dyn Syst B"},{"key":"R4-2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2485-8","article-title":"Assessing the risk factors of cholera epidemic in the Buea Health District of Cameroon","volume":"15","author":"Nsagha","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R5-2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2012.05.003","article-title":"Cholera outbreak in a village in South India \u2013 Timely action saved lives","volume":"6","author":"Deepthi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"R6-2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-017-0185-1","article-title":"Pandemics, pathogenicity and changing molecular epidemiology of cholera in the era of global warming","volume":"16","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"R7-2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72498","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072498","article-title":"Historical epidemiology of the second cholera pandemic: Relevance to present day disease dynamics","volume":"8","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R9-2-20240828","first-page":"97","article-title":"Public health emergency: Review on cholera preparedness and response Sudan, 2015","volume":"2","author":"Alhussien","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Emerg Med Trauma Acute Care"},{"key":"R13-2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_37_17","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of novel broad host range bacteriophages of Vibrio cholera O1 from Bengal","volume":"10","author":"Sarkar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"R14-2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003832","article-title":"Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"R15-2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S137","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy486","article-title":"Partners of the Global Task Force on Cholera Control. 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