{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:20:49Z","timestamp":1787772049246,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The severity of COVID-19 in the general population ranges from minimally symptomatic disease to critical illness, which may require hospitalization and progress to death<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study carried out with all positive cases of COVID-19 reported in the municipality of Foz do Igua\u00e7u (PR) between the period from March 2020 to December 2021. Data were collected from Bank Notifies COVID-19 is the name of the information system that provides notifications by professionals of suspected and confirmed cases of the disease. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques and calculation of relative risk<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>24,647 confirmed cases were identified in the study; among these, 22,211 (90.1%) were not hospitalized and 2436 (9.9%) were hospitalized. Among the 2436 patients hospitalized for COVID-19, 947 (38.9%) died and 1489 (61.1%) recovered. Among the 22,211 outpatients, 93 (0.4%) died and 22,118 (99.6%) recovered. An association between death and the following characteristics was identified among the cases that were hospitalized: male gender, all age groups over 40 years, indigenous race\/color, hospital staylength of more than 10 days,hospitalization in a Unified Health System (SUS) bed and in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). According to the clinical characteristics of symptoms and comorbidities, the following prevailed:ities dyspnea, intercostal retraction, cyanosis, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, smoking, lung disease, kidneydisease, neurological disease, neoplasia, and immunodeficiency. Among the cases that were not hospitalized, death was associated with: malegender, all age groups over 50 years, dyspnea, cyanosis, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, neurological disease, neoplasia, and liver disease<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Older adults, male, and Caucasian people are commonly affected by COVID-19 and can evolve with aggravation when they have modifiable risk factors such as obesity and smoking, as well as nonmodifiable risk factors such as: cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, renal, hypertension, diabetes, and immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_72_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T07:00:10Z","timestamp":1710831610000},"page":"19-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk Factors for Death among Hospitalized and Nonhospitalized Patients due to COVID-19 in a Triple International Border Municipality"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Erica Alves Ferreira","family":"Gordillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CELS- Center for Education, Literature and Health- Western Paran\u00e1 State University, Foz do Igua\u00e7u, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubia Laine de Paula","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Nursing -School of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismael","family":"Hoare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Communicable Diseases, College of Public Health Nursing -School of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Izurieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Communicable Diseases, College of Public Health Nursing -School of Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"One Health Research Group, University of the Americas, Quito, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Zilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CELS- Center for Education, Literature and Health- Western Paran\u00e1 State University, Foz do Igua\u00e7u, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laiz Mangini","family":"Cicchelero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CELS- Center for Education, Literature and Health- Western Paran\u00e1 State University, Foz do Igua\u00e7u, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merielly","family":"Kunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CELS- Center for Education, Literature and Health- Western Paran\u00e1 State University, Foz do Igua\u00e7u, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto Valdes","family":"Gordillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Medical Sciences of Pinar del Rio, Pinar del Rio, Cuba"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinaldo Antonio","family":"Silva-Sobrinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CELS- Center for Education, Literature and Health- Western Paran\u00e1 State University, Foz do Igua\u00e7u, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regiane Bezerra","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CELS- Center for Education, Literature and Health- Western Paran\u00e1 State University, Foz do Igua\u00e7u, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosane Meire Munhak","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CELS- Center for Education, Literature and Health- Western Paran\u00e1 State University, Foz do Igua\u00e7u, Paran\u00e1, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02902-w","article-title":"Clinical determinants for fatality of 44,672 patients with COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China:A retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3398","DOI":"10.1590\/1518-8345.4659.3398","article-title":"Coping with COVID-19 in an international border region:Health and economy","volume":"29","author":"Silva-Sobrinho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Lat Am Enfermagem"},{"key":"R8-20240828","first-page":"1","article-title":"Men's Health Primer:How Health Services See Men and What They Can Try to Take Care of Them","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brazilian Society of Family Medicine and Comunidade (SBMFC);Rio de Janeiro"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232020256.1.10502020","article-title":"Social distancing measures to control COVID -19 pandemic:Potential impacts and challenges in Brazil","volume":"25","author":"Aquino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc Sa\u00fade Colet"},{"key":"R11-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020919","DOI":"10.1590\/s1679-49742021000300004","article-title":"(2021). Hospitalization and death due to COVID-19 and their relationship with social determinants of health and morbidities in Esp\u00edrito Santo:A cross-sectional study","volume":"30","author":"Mascarello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol Serv Sa\u00fade"},{"key":"R12-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e199","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1465","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and mortality of health-care workers with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Mexico city","volume":"73","author":"Guerrero-Torres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R13-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00115320","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00115320","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil:Analysis of demand and supply of hospital beds and assisted ventilation equipment according to different scenarios","volume":"36","author":"Noronha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cad Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"R15-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3539","article-title":"Risk factors associated with mortality among patients with COVID-19 in intensive care units in Lombardy, Italy","volume":"180","author":"Grasselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"R17-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318054","article-title":"Hypertension, a moving target in COVID-19:Current views and perspectives","volume":"128","author":"Savoia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"R18-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R19-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108118","article-title":"Timely blood glucose management for the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is urgently needed","volume":"162","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"R20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296820924469","article-title":"Glycemic characteristics and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the United States","volume":"14","author":"Bode","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"R21-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa415","article-title":"Obesity in patients younger than 60 years is a risk factor for COVID-19 hospital admission","volume":"71","author":"Lighter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R24-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000547","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00547-2020","article-title":"Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China:A nationwide analysis","volume":"55","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"R26-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa097","article-title":"Hypertension, the renin-angiotensin system, and the risk of lower respiratory tract infections and lung injury:Implications for COVID-19","volume":"116","author":"Kreutz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"R27-20240828","first-page":"1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection in a child with primary immunodeficiency:A case report. Resid Pediatr. The Pediatrician's magazine","volume":"10","author":"Matsura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Society Publication Brazilian Pediatrics"},{"key":"R28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30057-1","article-title":"Liver injury in COVID-19:Management and challenges","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Global Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jgid.jgid_72_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:27:36Z","timestamp":1787768856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jgid.jgid_72_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jgid.jgid_72_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["0974-777X","0974-8245"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0974-777X","type":"print"},{"value":"0974-8245","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-18","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-01","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}