{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:24:12Z","timestamp":1787775852265,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Umbilical granuloma (UG) is an occasional sequel after umbilical cord separation in neonates with an incidence of 0.2% to 3.01% of live births. It is characterized by moist, fleshy tissue at the umbilicus and presents as umbilical discharge, redness or frank infection. Treatment options include topical application of silver nitrate, copper sulphate, steroids, and common salt. Silver nitrate, though effective, can cause skin burns and needs caution. Common salt is popular as it is cheap, easily available and relatively safe. In this meta-analysis, we intend to compare the efficacy and safety of common salt with other topical agents for treating umbilical granuloma in neonates and infants. This meta-analysis was done as per the PRISMA guidelines and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing common salt with other topical agents were included. Databases like Cochrane, MEDLINE and Scopus were searched. Data was extracted by two independent reviewers and analysed using RevMan software. Outcomes measured were resolution of UG after application and adverse effects of treatment. We observed that common salt is effective and safe for treatment of umbilical granuloma and has a similar success rate when compared to other topical agents. There are no significant adverse effects with its use. It can even be safely applied by caregivers at home.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaps.jiaps_29_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T15:00:11Z","timestamp":1745852411000},"page":"271-276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Efficacy and Safety of Common Salt and other Topical Agents in the Treatment of Umbilical Granuloma in Neonates and Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Nitinkumar","family":"Borkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Surgery, AIIMS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charu","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Surgery, AIIMS, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanishka","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Surgery, AIIMS, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Azizoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Surgery, Istanbul Esenyurt Necmi Kadioglu Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2017-0202","article-title":"Disorders of the umbilical cord","volume":"39","author":"Muniraman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"R3-20250505","first-page":"82","article-title":"Management of umb\u0131l\u0131cal granuloma","volume":"4","author":"Assi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thi Qar Med J"},{"key":"R4-20250505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v22i2.64","article-title":"Umbilical granuloma frequency of newborns in third-line hospital in turkey","volume":"22","author":"T\u00fclin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"R6-20250505","first-page":"1616","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of copper sulphate versus common salt (table\/cooking salt) on umbilical granuloma in infants: A comparative study","volume":"4","author":"Annapurna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Evol Med Dent Sci"},{"key":"R7-20250505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12824","article-title":"Treating umbilical granuloma with topical clobetasol propionate cream at home is as effective as treating it with topical silver nitrate in the clinic","volume":"104","author":"Br\u00f8dsgaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"R8-20250505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0192688","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192688","article-title":"Treatment with silver nitrate versus topical steroid treatment for umbilical granuloma: A non-inferiority randomized control trial","volume":"13","author":"Ogawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R9-20250505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S269114","article-title":"Salt treatment for umbilical granuloma \u2013An effective, cheap, and available alternative treatment option: Case report","volume":"11","author":"Haftu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatric Health Med Ther"},{"key":"R10-20250505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.15406\/jpnc.2016.04.00136","article-title":"Umbilical granuloma: Modern understanding of etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and management","volume":"4","author":"Karag\u00fczel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neonatal Care"},{"key":"R11-20250505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31127","DOI":"10.18535\/jmscr\/v5i11.226","article-title":"A comparative study of the therapeutic effects of copper sulphate versus common salt (sodium chloride) in the treatment of infantile umbilical granuloma","volume":"5","author":"Fiaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Sci Clin Res"},{"key":"R12-20250505","first-page":"134","article-title":"Common salt is better than clobetasol propionate in the treatment of umbilical granuloma","volume":"31","author":"Abdoufatouh","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Jf Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"R13-20250505","first-page":"269","article-title":"Table salt is an alternative to silver nitrate cautery for the treatment of umbilical granuloma: A prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Oztas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Sci Technol Res"},{"key":"R14-20250505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2021.10.032","article-title":"Effectiveness of table salt versus copper sulphate in treating umbilical granuloma: A pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"57","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"R15-20250505","first-page":"694","article-title":"Comparison between silver nitrate and table salt in the treatment of umbilical granuloma","volume":"31","author":"Khaliq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prof Med J"},{"key":"R16-20250505","first-page":"e100239","article-title":"The effect of table salt as a treatment of umbilical granuloma in neonates","volume":"10","author":"Fawzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neonat Individ Med"},{"key":"R17-20250505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R18-20250505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R19-20250505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s003830100584","article-title":"Umbilical granuloma: A new approach to an old problem","volume":"17","author":"Nagar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int"},{"key":"R20-20250505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6104","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12186104","article-title":"Umbilical granuloma: Frequency, associated factors, 10-year treatment trends, and effectiveness at a single hospital in Japan","volume":"12","author":"Iijima","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R21-20250505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2023.06.004","article-title":"Silver nitrate burns following umbilical granuloma treatment","volume":"65","author":"Ho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"key":"R22-20250505","first-page":"1","article-title":"Silver nitrate burn after umbilical granuloma treatment: A case report","volume":"2","author":"Say","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skin Dis Skin Care"},{"key":"R23-20250505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.139874","article-title":"Systemic side-effects of topical corticosteroids","volume":"59","author":"Dhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"R24-20250505","first-page":"99e102","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of common salt (table\/cooking salt) on umbilical granuloma in infants","volume":"34","author":"Hossain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bangladesh J Child Health"},{"key":"R25-20250505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaps.jiaps_209_23","article-title":"Common salt versus silver nitrate for the treatment of umbilical granuloma in infants: An open-label, single-center, pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Banerjee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg"}],"container-title":["Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jiaps.jiaps_29_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:43:47Z","timestamp":1787773427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jiaps.jiaps_29_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jiaps.jiaps_29_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-9261","1998-3891"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-9261","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3891","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-28","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-20","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}