{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:05:37Z","timestamp":1790899537835,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"\n Aim:<\/jats:title>\n The study aimed to compare the flexural strength, fracture toughness, and impact strength of the denture base materials fabricated using dual-layer and bonded 3D printing techniques.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Settings and Design:<\/jats:title>\n \n In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n comparative study.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Seventy-two bar-shaped samples were fabricated using a digital light processing 3D printer and were divided into 2 groups (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 36 each). Group I samples were fabricated by dual-layer technique, with the denture base and tooth-colored resins were printed sequentially in a single print cycle. Group II samples were printed separately and bonded with denture base resin. Flexural strength and fracture toughness were tested according to ISO 20795-1:2013, and impact strength was evaluated using ASTM D-256.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis comprised Shapiro\u2013Wilk for normality,\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test for flexural strength, and Mann\u2013Whitney\n U<\/jats:italic>\n -test for fracture toughness and impact strength (\u03b1 = 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Group I exhibited significantly higher flexural strength (82.78 \u00b1 2.02 MPa) and fracture toughness (89.91 \u00b1 0.53 MPa) compared to Group II (80.01 \u00b1 2.69 MPa and 86.93 \u00b1 2.29 MPa, respectively). Conversely, impact strength was greater in Group II (4.17 \u00b1 0.39 J) than in Group I (3.00 \u00b1 1.04 J) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The dual-layer printing technique improved the flexural and fracture resistance of denture base materials by eliminating interfacial weaknesses. Although bonded resins exhibited higher impact strength, the structural advantages of dual-printing support its application in clinical prosthodontics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jips.jips_403_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T06:00:22Z","timestamp":1767247222000},"page":"63-69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative evaluation of mechanical properties between dual-layer and bonded three-dimensional printed denture base materials: An in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Naveen Gopi","family":"Chander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, SRM Dental College, Bharathi Salai, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aryan Shivaji","family":"Deshmukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, SRM Dental College, Bharathi Salai, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harini Gnana","family":"Prakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, SRM Dental College, Bharathi Salai, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vigneshvar Kandaswamy","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, SRM Dental College, Bharathi Salai, Ramapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2024.05.003","article-title":"Trends and future perspectives of 3D printing in 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