{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T11:00:45Z","timestamp":1784718045287,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Extensive research on the antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants for periodontal therapy has been conducted over the past decades. The gradual increase in antibiotic resistance necessitates research for new antimicrobial compounds.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rubia cordifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      has exhibited reassuring antimicrobial potential against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, no study has yet evaluated its therapeutic potential in periodontal diseases. Therefore, we aimed to design, formulate, and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R. cordifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      root extract against periodontal pathogens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Extract of the roots of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R. cordifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      was prepared using cold maceration and methanol extraction. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and time-kill curve (TKC) analysis of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R. cordifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      extract were assessed against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Pg),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Tannerella forsythia<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Fn), and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Prevotella intermedia<\/jats:italic>\n                      , where chlorhexidine was utilized as a control drug.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MIC value for Fn was 0.8 \u03bcg\/mL, representing the lowest value observed, whereas Pg exhibited the highest MIC value at 6.25 \u03bcg\/mL. The MBC values ranged from 6.25 \u03bcg\/mL to 12.5 \u03bcg\/mL. The TKC revealed a kill time of 2 h for all tested organisms except Pg.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The methanolic extract derived from the roots of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">R. cordifolia<\/jats:italic>\n                      demonstrated bactericidal effects against keystone pathogens associated with periodontitis. Consequently, there is a critical requirement of additional clinical studies to assess its potential therapeutic application in the treatment of periodontal disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_164_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T10:00:57Z","timestamp":1784714457000},"page":"302-308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rubia cordifolia as an antimicrobial agent against periodontal pathogens \u2013 An in vitro microbiological study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Swapna Shivasharan","family":"Gore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, PMNM Dental College and Hospital, SNMC Campus, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pranjali Girish","family":"Mandurkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260722","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2012.00452.x","article-title":"Periodontal health and global public health","volume":"60","author":"Petersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"R2-20260722","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.110664","article-title":"Update of the case definitions for population-based surveillance of periodontitis","volume":"83","author":"Eke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R3-20260722","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5721","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.11.5721-5732.2005","article-title":"Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity","volume":"43","author":"Aas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R4-20260722","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02419.x","article-title":"Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque","volume":"25","author":"Socransky","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R5-20260722","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.4s.322","article-title":"The bacterial etiology of destructive periodontal disease: Current concepts","volume":"63","author":"Socransky","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R6-20260722","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02454.x","article-title":"Subgingival microbiota in healthy, well-maintained elder and periodontitis subjects","volume":"25","author":"Haffajee","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R7-20260722","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2000.0087","article-title":"Nonsurgical periodontal therapy in 2000: A literature review","volume":"131","author":"Greenstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R8-20260722","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1984.55.9.505","article-title":"Periodontal treatment without maintenance. 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