{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:37:17Z","timestamp":1787071037483,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of a hydrogel incorporating lotus leaf extract as a potential local drug delivery system for periodontal disease treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Lotus leaves were extracted using a hydroalcoholic Soxhlet method, and the resulting extract was incorporated into a hydrogel. The antibacterial activity of the hydrogel was assessed\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n against\n Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n , a key pathogen in periodontal disease. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The gel\u2019s physical characteristics, including pH, consistency, and appearance, were also evaluated.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The lotus leaf extract demonstrated significant antibacterial activity with an MIC and MBC of 600 \u03bcg\/mL (0.6 mg\/mL) against\n F<\/jats:italic>\n .\n nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n . The hydrogel formulation was green, clear, and semisolid and exhibited a uniform texture with a pH of 7.0, indicating suitability for periodontal application.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n The lotus leaf extract-based hydrogel showed promising antimicrobial properties and favorable physical characteristics, suggesting its potential as an effective local treatment for periodontitis. These findings highlight the viability of using natural plant extracts in innovative hydrogel formulations to address periodontal disease. Further research is needed to evaluate the lotus leaf extract gel\u2019s efficacy, stability, and safety both\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n and its impact on a broader range of periodontal pathogens.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_479_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T07:00:15Z","timestamp":1772262015000},"page":"611-617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and characterization of a hydrogel containing active principles of lotus leaves (Nelumbo nucifera): An in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Akshatha","family":"Raj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavya","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dafney Melissa","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debasmita","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Deekshitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Gaanashree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.30750\/ijpbr.1.4.26","article-title":"Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus):A review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology","volume":"10","author":"Mehta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Pharm Biol Res"},{"key":"R2-20260228","first-page":"3966","article-title":"A brief review on pharmaceutical uses of Nelumbo nucifera","volume":"8","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pharmacogn Phytochem"},{"key":"R3-20260228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2007.tb00137.x","article-title":"The inhibition of dentifrice containing the lotus leaf-derived inhibitor on periodontitis-related bacteria in vitro","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"R4-20260228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_278_24","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Nigella sativa with 0.1% of thymoquinone and evaluation of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities \u2013An in vitro study","volume":"29","author":"Sthanislas","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Indian Soc 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Biotechnol"},{"key":"R11-20260228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24030603","article-title":"Hydrogels and their applications in targeted drug delivery","volume":"24","author":"Narayanaswamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"R12-20260228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3227","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_726_24","article-title":"Doxycycline proniosomal gel as local drug delivery system in periodontal disease:A vitro study","volume":"16","author":"Mody","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Indian Society of 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