{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:37:19Z","timestamp":1787071039587,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Antibiotic resistance poses a major challenge in the control of bacterial infections, including chronic periodontitis. This study aimed to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      to commonly prescribed antibiotics, amoxicillin, amoxicillin\u2013clavulanic acid, and metronidazole, in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples obtained from patients with chronic periodontitis, with and without prior antibiotic exposure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study included 24 patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis, divided into two groups: Group 1 comprised 12 patients with a history of antibiotic exposure within the preceding 6 months and Group 2 comprised 12 patients without any prior antibiotic exposure. GCF samples were collected using sterile absorbent paper points and cultured under anaerobic conditions for the isolation of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Antibiotic sensitivity was assessed by measuring the zone of inhibition (ZOI) on nutrient agar plates. The data were analyzed using the Mann\u2013Whitney\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">U<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test, and statistical significance was set at\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients without prior antibiotic exposure demonstrated a slightly higher mean ZOI (17.66 mm) compared to patients with prior antibiotic exposure (16.66 mm), suggesting marginally better antibiotic effectiveness in the former group. However, this difference was not statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.663).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings indicate a reduced antibiotic effectiveness in patients with previous antibiotic exposure. These results underscore the importance of avoiding empirical antibiotic use and support the consideration of narrow-spectrum antibiotics or alternative treatment approaches, such as local drug delivery systems, to mitigate the development of antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_485_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T07:00:22Z","timestamp":1772262022000},"page":"669-672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of antibiotic resistance in Porphyromonas gingivalis to commonly prescribed antibiotics in gingival crevicular fluid samples from chronic periodontitis patients with and without prior antibiotic exposure: A pilot ex vivo study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Aashna","family":"Joe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Vinayaka Mission\u2019s Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission\u2019s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Manovijay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Vinayaka Mission\u2019s Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission\u2019s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Vinayaka Mission\u2019s Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission\u2019s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Vanathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E Prince","family":"Ruban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Vinayaka Mission\u2019s Sankarachariyar Dental College, Vinayaka Mission\u2019s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2015.06.011","article-title":"Should antibiotics be prescribed to treat chronic periodontitis?","volume":"59","author":"Walters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dent Clin North Am"},{"key":"R2-20260228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s44263-023-00003-8","article-title":"Tackling antimicrobial resistance by integrating one 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