{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:10:31Z","timestamp":1788361831573,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n \n Extensive\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n research has been conducted in the previous decades to analyze the effectiveness of medicinal plants in the treatment of periodontal diseases.\n Moringa oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n is a highly potent medicinal plant that has anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory properties. In our study, we aim to design, formulate, and evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of\n M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n extract for local drug delivery (LDD) as periodontal treatment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n This study was an\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n experimental model.\n M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n extract was prepared using a maceration process with powdered dried leaves of\n M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n and 70% ethanol. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Moringa extract against\n Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n was assessed using the broth dilution method. The gel was prepared with the obtained MIC of Moringa extract and a combination of polymers- Polyethylene glycol 6000, Carbopol 940, and Chitosan. Further, the formulated gel was subjected to\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n characterization by thermodynamic stability tests, pH determination, and syringeability test. Viscosity was determined using Brookfield DV-II + Viscometer. Mucoadhesive strength was determined using a fabricated mucoadhesive strength test apparatus.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n leaves extract possesses a bactericidal effect against\n P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n even at a low amounts of 25 mg\/ml and so is a potent botanical extract for the formulation of LDD agents for periodontal diseases. The formulation shows adequate stability, good mucoadhesiveness, and controlled drug release, on incorporating the herbal extract into the blank gel.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n The\n M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n leaves extract possesses a bactericidal effect against\n P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n which has been suggested to be the keystone pathogen in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis. Hence,\n M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n leaves extract can be used to treat periodontal diseases as a LDD agent.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jisp.jisp_710_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T11:07:19Z","timestamp":1713352039000},"page":"146-153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Development and in vitro characterization of a mucoadhesive gel with Moringa oleifera extract for periodontal drug delivery"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Minnu Joe","family":"Ida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavya","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safiya Fatima","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umesh","family":"Yadalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Sri Rajiv Gandhi College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjusha","family":"Nambiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics, Sri Rajiv Gandhi College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.110664","article-title":"Update of the case definitions for population-based surveillance of periodontitis","volume":"83","author":"Eke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"Suppl 4S","key":"R2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.4s.322","article-title":"The bacterial etiology of destructive periodontal disease:Current concepts","volume":"63","author":"Socransky","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1991.tb02309.x","article-title":"New views on periodontal microbiota in special patient categories","volume":"18","author":"Slots","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"R4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2000.0087","article-title":"Nonsurgical periodontal therapy in 2000:A literature review","volume":"131","author":"Greenstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1998.69.5.507","article-title":"The role of local drug delivery in the management of periodontal diseases:A comprehensive review","volume":"69","author":"Greenstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R6-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1995.66.11.925","article-title":"Clinical significance of bacterial resistance to tetracyclines in the treatment of periodontal diseases","volume":"66","author":"Greenstein","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(02)00364-8","article-title":"Antimicrobials:New solutions badly needed","volume":"5","author":"Projan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"R8-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2014.09.015","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Moringa peregrina species in Saudi Arabia with ITS sequences","volume":"22","author":"Alaklabi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"R9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13254","article-title":"Effect of herbal mouthrinses on dental plaque formation and gingival inflammation:A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Santi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/jpcdoh.jpcdoh_7_20","article-title":"Herbs used in dentistry:Need of the new era","volume":"2","author":"Jena","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Prim Care Dent Oral Heal"},{"key":"R11-20240828","first-page":"5","article-title":"Herboceutics:A new direction in periodontics:A review","volume":"1","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"IP Int J Periodontol Implantol"},{"key":"R12-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.4103\/2319-5932.144784","article-title":"Dentistry meets nature-role of herbs in periodontal care:A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Pandita","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Indian Assoc Public Heal Dent"},{"key":"R13-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680354","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nep067","article-title":"Traditional medicinal plant extracts and natural products with activity against oral Bacteria:Potential application in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases","volume":"2011","author":"Palombo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"R14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.08.021","article-title":"An updated comprehensive review of the medicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Moringa oleifera","volume":"129","author":"Padayachee","year":"2020","journal-title":"South African J Bot"},{"key":"R15-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.04.002","article-title":"In-silico elucidation of Moringa oleifera phytochemicals against diabetes mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Zainab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"R16-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.04.037","article-title":"Effects of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, ruminal enzyme activities and growth performance of buffalo calves","volume":"28","author":"Abdel-Raheem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"R17-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.01.034","article-title":"Oxidative DNA damage protective activity, antioxidant and anti-quorum sensing potentials of Moringa oleifera","volume":"47","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"R18-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.09.021","article-title":"Maximizing total phenolics, total flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extract by the appropriate extraction method","volume":"44","author":"Vongsak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind Crops Prod"},{"key":"R20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.108007","article-title":"Design, formulation and evaluation of a mucoadhesive gel from Quercus brantii L and coriandrum sativum L as periodontal drug delivery","volume":"2","author":"Aslani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"key":"R21-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(99)00202-3","article-title":"Controlled release from solid dispersion composed of poly (ethylene oxide)-carbopol interpolymer complex with various cross-linking degrees of Carbopol","volume":"63","author":"Ozeki","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"R22-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(01)00974-7","article-title":"Effect of chitosan on a periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"235","author":"Ikinci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"R23-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2015.11.015","article-title":"Polyethylene glycols in oral and parenteral formulations \u2013A critical review","volume":"496","author":"Gullapalli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"R24-20240828","first-page":"185","article-title":"Mucoadhesive and drug release properties of benzocaine gel","volume":"2","author":"Jelvehgari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Sci Autumn"},{"key":"R25-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.06.026","article-title":"Anti-obesity potential of Moringa olifera seed extract and lycopene on high fat diet induced obesity in male sprauge dawely rats","volume":"27","author":"Kilany","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"R26-20240828","first-page":"248","article-title":"Formulation and physicochemical evaluation of an herbal antihemorrohid ointment from Quercus, Black cumin and Fenugreek for the treatment of internal anal hemorrhoids","volume":"14","author":"Aslani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharm Sci"},{"key":"R27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2019.1631401","article-title":"Improved treatment efficacy of risedronate functionalized chitosan nanoparticles in osteoporosis:Formulation development, in vivo, and molecular modelling studies","volume":"36","author":"Santhosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Microencapsul"},{"key":"R28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0939-6411(00)00086-2","article-title":"Local delivery of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of periodontal diseases","volume":"50","author":"Schwach-Abdellaoui","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"R29-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2018.06.008","article-title":"Development and characterization of chitosan-based hydrogels as wound dressing materials","volume":"46","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"R30-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00261-7","article-title":"Release of triamcinolone acetonide from mucoadhesive polymer composed of chitosan and poly (acrylic acid) in vitro","volume":"23","author":"Ahn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"R31-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00071-6","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of chitosan-poly (acrylic acid) nanoparticles","volume":"23","author":"Hu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"R32-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(91)90091-8","article-title":"The pH of gingival crevices and periodontal pockets in children, teenagers and adults","volume":"36","author":"Eggert","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"R33-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/dj9010002","article-title":"Professionally delivered local antimicrobials in the treatment of patients with periodontitis-a narrative review","volume":"9","author":"Sholapurkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"R34-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00053","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis:An overview of periodontopathic pathogen below the gum line","volume":"7","author":"How","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"R35-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.06.038","article-title":"Local drug delivery systems in the management of periodontitis:A scientific review","volume":"307","author":"Rajeshwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"R36-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2003.74.5.616","article-title":"Efficacy of subgingival irrigation using herbal extracts on gingival inflammation","volume":"74","author":"Pistorius","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R37-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6896","article-title":"Phytoperspective of Moringa oleifera for oral health care:An innovative ethnomedicinal approach","volume":"35","author":"Mohanty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"R38-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.06.005","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of different fractions of Moringa oleifera leaves","volume":"47","author":"Verma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"R39-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2018.11.012","article-title":"Polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease:A systematic review of in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"132","author":"Bunte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"R40-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.08.029","article-title":"Flavonoids exert multiple periodontic benefits including anti-inflammatory, periodontal ligament-supporting, and alveolar bone-preserving effects","volume":"209","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Rojas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"R41-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13263","article-title":"Higher intakes of flavonoids are associated with lower salivary IL-1b and maintenance of periodontal health 3-4 years after scaling and root planing","volume":"47","author":"Sparrow","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R42-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.suppl_1.5","article-title":"Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations","volume":"48","author":"Andrews","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"R43-20240828","first-page":"199","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of Moringa Oleifera methanolic leaves extracts against some gram positive and gram negative bacterial isolates","volume":"3","author":"Abdallah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbes Infect Dis"},{"key":"R44-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2873","article-title":"The keystone-pathogen hypothesis","volume":"10","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"R45-20240828","first-page":"1082","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of the interaction between tea extracts and penicillin G against Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"5","author":"Esimone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Afr J Biotechnol"},{"key":"R46-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(00)00231-5","article-title":"Design, characterization and preliminary clinical evaluation of a novel mucoadhesive topical formulation containing tetracycline for the treatment of periodontal disease","volume":"67","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"R47-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-66.8.1495","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of native chitosan, degraded chitosan, and O-carboxymethylated chitosan","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"R48-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1996.67.11.1170","article-title":"Osteogenesis enhanced by chitosan (Poly-N-Acetyl Glucosaminoglycan) in vitro","volume":"67","author":"Klokkevold","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R49-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(89)90113-0","article-title":"Reconstruction of parodontal tissue with chitosan","volume":"10","author":"Muzzarelli","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biomaterials"}],"container-title":["Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jisp.jisp_710_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:33:27Z","timestamp":1787769207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jisp.jisp_710_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jisp.jisp_710_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-124X","0975-1580"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-124X","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-1580","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-16","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-18","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}