{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T20:37:05Z","timestamp":1786653425399,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"\n A\n bstract<\/jats:sc>\n <\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n Tooth decay is the demineralization of the enamel due to acids produced by bacteria. Bodybuilders use supplements to enhance muscle growth, which may affect salivary flow and composition. Changes in saliva impact its protective function. This study aims to establish a relationship between dental caries and protein consumption in resistance-trained men.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n This cross-sectional investigation was performed in Baghdad city (December 2024\u2013February 2025). The study recruited 200 Iraqi men and divided them into two groups of 100 subjects each: non-bodybuilders and bodybuilders. Dental caries and bleeding on probing (BOP) were measured. Caries experience was taken based on missing, decayed, filled index (decayed missing for filled teeth) index for permanent teeth) according to criteria described by the World Health Organization (WHO) (2013) using the WHO community periodontal index probe and dental mirror. The analysis of unstimulated saliva involved collecting samples to calculate pH (by pH meter) and flow rate via dividing the collected saliva volume (in milliliters) by the number of minutes consumed, as well as salivary biomarkers such as salivary urea and salivary total antioxidant capacity (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Result:<\/jats:title>\n \n The mean number of surfaces of decay, missing, filling, or combined decay-missing-filling is high in the study group: 10.150\u2009\u00b1\u20091.742, 2.550\u2009\u00b1\u20090.494, 4.450\u2009\u00b1\u20090.582, and 17.150\u2009\u00b1\u20091.030, respectively,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05, with a significant change except in missing surfaces. The mean values of flow rate and the pH were 0.305\u2009\u00b1\u20090.154 and 6.470\u2009\u00b1\u20090.268, respectively, with significant differences only in flow rate (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). For the salivary urea and total antioxidant capacity, the mean values are 248.101\u2009\u00b1\u200936.062 and 20.397\u2009\u00b1\u20093.956, respectively,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05, indicating a significant difference. The mean value of BOP is 39.645\u2009\u00b1\u200913.203.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Frequency of protein consumption may be directly linked to higher rates of dental caries and bleeding during probing.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.jispcd_180_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:00:10Z","timestamp":1777525210000},"page":"197-207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dental Caries and Salivary Health in Bodybuilders vs. Non-Bodybuilders: A Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Abdulwhid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alhan A.","family":"Qasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0001-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-022-00167-3","article-title":"Expert consensus on dental caries management","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"CIT0002-20260430","first-page":"641","article-title":"The global burden of oral diseases and risk to oral health","volume":"83","author":"Petersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"CIT0003-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514557546","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequality and caries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Schwendicke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"CIT0004-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41415-021-3775-4","article-title":"Understanding dental caries as a non-communicable disease","volume":"231","author":"Pitts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"CIT0005-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.50.4.353-380.1986","article-title":"Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay","volume":"50","author":"Loesche","year":"1986","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"CIT0006-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00092","article-title":"Historical and contemporary hypotheses on the development of oral diseases: Are we there yet?","volume":"4","author":"Rosier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"CIT0007-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26082-0","article-title":"Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes?","volume":"149","author":"Marsh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"key":"CIT0008-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-8532(22)00818-7","article-title":"Dental caries process","volume":"43","author":"Zero","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dent Clin North Am"},{"key":"CIT0009-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2022.7959","article-title":"Effect of protein supplement intake on oral health status of bodybuilders. A cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Access Macedonian J Med Sci"},{"key":"CIT0010-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2015.521","article-title":"Bodybuilding supplementation and tooth decay","volume":"219","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"CIT0011-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-11-30","article-title":"Protein supplementation and dietary behaviours of resistance trained men and women attending commercial gyms: A comparative study between the city centre and the suburbs of Palermo, Italy","volume":"11","author":"Bianco","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr"},{"key":"CIT0012-20260430","first-page":"2557","article-title":"Draft scientific opinion","volume":"10","year":"2012","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"CIT0013-20260430","first-page":"871E","article-title":"Scientific and technical assistance on food intended for sportspeople","volume":"12","year":"2015","journal-title":"EFSA Supporting Publicat"},{"key":"CIT0014-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.11.3.349","article-title":"The effect of whey protein supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate combined with resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscle strength","volume":"11","author":"Burke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"CIT0015-20260430","first-page":"118","article-title":"Protein \u2013 Which is best?","volume":"3","author":"Hoffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"CIT0016-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-5-15","article-title":"Exercise and functional foods","volume":"5","author":"Aoi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"CIT0017-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E197","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2001.281.2.E197","article-title":"Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise","volume":"281","author":"Tipton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"CIT0018-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000487954.94993.25","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease patients show long-term gait improvements after active assistive forced exercise training","volume":"48","author":"Stuckenschneider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"CIT0019-20260430","first-page":"187","article-title":"Carbohydrate supplementation and resistance training","volume":"17","author":"Haff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"key":"CIT0020-20260430","first-page":"P74","article-title":"The effect of oral creatine supplementation on running performance during maximal short-term exercise in man","volume":"467","author":"Harris","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Physiol London"},{"key":"CIT0021-20260430","first-page":"I115","article-title":"Creatine and the control of muscle-specific protein synthesis in cardiac and skeletal muscle","volume":"38","author":"Ingwall","year":"1976","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"CIT0022-20260430","first-page":"345","article-title":"Frequency of oral lesions and its relationship with some variables","volume":"23","author":"Bakhsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Babol Univer Med Sci"},{"key":"CIT0023-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.5958\/0976-5506.2019.03160.7","article-title":"Does gluten free diet and delay in celiac disease diagnosis affect dental caries and salivary oxidative stress in children?","volume":"10","author":"Al-Obaidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health Res Develop"},{"key":"CIT0024-20260430","first-page":"1122","article-title":"Assessment of the correlation between the salivary flow rate and dental caries experience among children with \u03b2-thalassemia major","volume":"14","author":"Jaddoa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Foren Med Toxicol"},{"key":"CIT0025-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28212340871","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v12i3.40871","article-title":"Epidemiological study on dental caries in schoolchildren: A cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res Soc Develop"},{"key":"CIT0026-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12392","article-title":"Oral health and performance impacts in elite and professional athletes","volume":"46","author":"Gallagher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"CIT0027-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.5958\/0976-5506.2019.03095.X","article-title":"Dental caries and treatment needs in relation to nutritional status among kindergartens children in Tikrit City, Iraq","volume":"10","author":"AL-Nassary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health Res Develop"},{"key":"CIT0028-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.4103\/AIHB.AIHB_58_20","article-title":"Periodontal status of 33\u201344-year-old male bodybuilders and its relationship with protein supplement intake: An observational comparative study","volume":"10","author":"Pullishery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advan Human Biol"},{"key":"CIT0029-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0719","article-title":"Periodontal health and gingival diseases and conditions on an intact and a reduced periodontium: Consensus report of workgroup 1 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri\u2010implant diseases and conditions","volume":"89","author":"Chapple","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"CIT0030-20260430","first-page":"25","article-title":"Oxidative status among a group of pregnant women in relation to gingival health condition","volume":"31","author":"Al Najjar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Baghdad Coll Dentist"},{"key":"CIT0031-20260430","first-page":"23026","article-title":"Selected salivary antioxidants and lipid peroxidation biomarker in relation to oral health among a group of dental students","volume":"23","author":"Yas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomark Oral Health"},{"key":"CIT0032-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.26477\/jbcd.v31i2.2619","article-title":"Gingival condition, enamel anomalies and traumatic dental injuries among 14\u201315 years intermediate school male students in Al-Khalis City\/Iraq","volume":"31","author":"Al-Mujamaii","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Baghdad Coll Dentist"},{"key":"CIT0033-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3520-x","article-title":"Effects of protein\u2013carbohydrate supplementation on immunity and resistance training outcomes: A double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"117","author":"Naclerio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"CIT0034-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/jtxs.12356","article-title":"Aging\u2010related changes in quantity and quality of saliva: Where do we stand in our understanding?","volume":"50","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Texture Stud"},{"key":"CIT0035-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.26477\/jbcd.v32i1.2756","article-title":"The impact of dental environment stress on caries experience, salivary flow rate and uric acid","volume":"32","author":"Kadhum","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Baghdad Coll Dentistry"},{"key":"CIT0036-20260430","first-page":"126","article-title":"Evaluating the implementation of family physician program in urban and rural areas of Mazandaran province based on process approach","volume":"22","author":"Abedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Babol Univer Med Sci"},{"key":"CIT0037-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.12816\/0038655","article-title":"Stressful life events in relation to dental caries and selected salivary constituents among secondary school students in Baghdad city","volume":"29","author":"Abdul-Ameer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Baghdad Coll Dentist"},{"key":"CIT0038-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/scd.12589","article-title":"Salivary pH and oral health of Brazilian para\u2010athletes: Saliva and oral health of para\u2010athletes","volume":"41","author":"Brancher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spec Care Dentist"},{"key":"CIT0039-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2018.1521712","article-title":"The impact of chronic carbohydrate manipulation on mucosal immunity in elite endurance athletes","volume":"37","author":"McKay","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"CIT0040-20260430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/jtxs.12362","article-title":"How are macronutrient intake, BMI, ethnicity, age, and gender related to the composition of unstimulated saliva? A case study","volume":"50","author":"Mosca","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Texture Stud"}],"container-title":["Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jispcd.jispcd_180_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:37:07Z","timestamp":1786649827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jispcd.jispcd_180_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jispcd.jispcd_180_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2231-0762","2250-1002"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2231-0762","type":"print"},{"value":"2250-1002","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-16","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-22","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}