{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:42:07Z","timestamp":1792633327914,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JISPCD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>bstract<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dental caries and an impairment in visual acuity (VA) may both be caused by a variety of risk factors. Various conditions of the eye can appear as a consequence of overall inflammation and active dental caries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study aims to assess dental caries and salivary status by measuring the transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-\u03b21) and flow rate between visually impaired students compared with students with normal vision.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research was performed employing a cross-sectional comparative study design conducted among representative 653 students aged 8\u201310 years at primary schools in Al-Diwaniyah governorate using the Snellen E chart for measuring VA status. Partitioning the students according to the degree of VA into normal students with normal VA of 6\/9 or better and students with visual impairment of 6\/12 or worse was done. Sub-sample of 180 students was recruited randomly from both groups, age and gender-matched participants for salivary analysis, and dental caries assessment measured by decay, missed, filled index, according to the World Health Organization in 2013<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Out of 653 students, only 70 students suffer from a decrease in VA. Dental caries was more prevalent in those who had a decrease in VA compared with normal groups. For primary teeth decay, missed, filled teeth index (DMFT\/dmft), the result was not significant but highly significant for DMFT\/dmft. A significant decrease in salivary flow rate and increased salivary TGF-\u03b21 level among visually impaired students was found.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>According to the current research, the study population that has impaired VA, dental health status has greatly deteriorated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.jispcd_205_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T16:31:03Z","timestamp":1714494663000},"page":"144-151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dental caries as a health risk for visual acuity in relation to salivary transforming growth factor beta-1 among students aged 8\u201310 years: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Noor 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