{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T20:39:42Z","timestamp":1786653582297,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"\n A\n bstract<\/jats:sc>\n <\/jats:title>\n \n Aim:<\/jats:title>\n Early childhood caries (ECC) remain prevalent in many developing countries, including Indonesia. Salivary factors, such as flow rate, pH, and nitric oxide (NO) concentration, are potential indicators of caries risk. The study aimed to compare unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) flow rate, salivary pH, and nitrite ion concentration among caries-free (CF), ECC, or severe ECC (S-ECC) children.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Thirty-one children aged 36\u201371 months visiting the Pedodontic Department at the Specialized Teeth and Mouth Hospital, University of Indonesia, were categorized into CF, ECC, and S-ECC groups. The UWS flow rate was measured by volume per minute, salivary pH with a universal pH indicator strip, and NO concentration using the Griess reaction.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The median UWS flow rate was highest in the CF group (0.38\u2009mL\/min) and lower in the ECC (0.29\u2009mL\/min) and S-ECC (0.33\u2009mL\/min) groups. Median salivary pH was 7.00 in CF, ECC, and S-ECC, while NO concentrations were 70.14 \u00b5M (CF), 71.04 \u00b5M (ECC), and 90.59 \u00b5M (S-ECC). None of the differences were statistically significant (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > 0.05). The correlation coefficients were UWS flow rate and def-t scores,\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.267, salivary pH and def-t,\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.066; and NO concentration and def-t,\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.169.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Although trends in the salivary flow rate, pH, and NO concentration were observed, no significant differences were found among caries groups. The small sample size, non-standardized collection, and imprecise pH measurements may have limited the findings. These preliminary studies may support future research on salivary markers in caries risk assessment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.jispcd_66_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T16:05:35Z","timestamp":1759853135000},"page":"460-465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of Salivary Properties Between Different Degrees of Caries Level in Children Aged Below 72 Months: A Cross-sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Paulina N.","family":"Gunawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Study Program in Dental Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Endang W.","family":"Bachtiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boy M.","family":"Bachtiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mochamad Fahlevi","family":"Rizal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0001-20251030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2751","article-title":"Comparison of salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and secretory immunoglobulin A levels between children with early childhood caries and caries-free children","volume":"17","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dentistry"},{"key":"CIT0002-20251030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_110_23","article-title":"Is parental rating of child\u2019s oral health associated with caries experience in children? 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