{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:22:21Z","timestamp":1787728941525,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Aim:<\/jats:title>\n To compare and evaluate the clinical success of conventional, preformed, and three-dimensional (3D) printed band and loop (B and L) space maintainers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Forty-five participants in the age group of 5\u20137 years visiting the pediatric and preventive dentistry department, with grossly carious primary mandibular first molar of either side requiring extraction, were randomly divided into three groups: conventional, preformed, and 3D printed B and L space maintainer groups. Following extraction, the assigned space maintainer was fabricated and delivered. Clinical evaluation for survival and failure rates and gingival health was done at Baseline, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Statistical Analysis:<\/jats:title>\n \n Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square or Fisher\u2019s exact tests, survival using Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis, and ordinal data using Kruskal\u2013Wallis and Mann\u2013Whitney\n U<\/jats:italic>\n tests.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n All space maintainers showed 100% survival at 1 and 3 months. At 12-months, conventional and preformed appliances demonstrated similar survival (86.7%), while the 3D printed group showed a lower rate (73.3%); however, differences were not statistically significant (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > 0.05). Decementation was the primary cause of failure among all groups. Gingival and plaque scores increased over time in all groups. A significant difference in the gingival index was observed at 12 months (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.045), favoring the Preformed group. Plaque scores differed significantly at 9 and 12 months (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05), with higher accumulation in the Conventional group.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n All three space maintainers demonstrated comparable 12-month survival; however, Preformed appliances showed relatively better gingival and plaque outcomes, with decementation identified as the predominant cause of failure across all groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_119_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:00:23Z","timestamp":1777568423000},"page":"195-202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative evaluation of conventional, preformed, and three-dimensional printed band and loop space maintainers: A randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Shaikh","family":"Misbah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, University College of Medical Sciences, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Khatri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, University College of Medical Sciences, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishi","family":"Tyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, University College of Medical Sciences, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Khandelwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, University College of Medical Sciences, Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital (University of Delhi), Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260501","first-page":"32","article-title":"Contemporary space maintenance for the pediatric patient","volume":"71","author":"Bijoor","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Y State Dent J"},{"key":"R3-20260501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2007.0169","article-title":"Immediate and six-month space changes after premature loss of a primary maxillary first molar","volume":"138","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R4-20260501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-8532(22)01240-X","article-title":"Space control in the primary and mixed dentitions","volume":"22","author":"Wright","year":"1978","journal-title":"Dent Clin North Am"},{"key":"R6-20260501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2046","article-title":"Comparison of the conventional band and loop space maintainers with modified space maintainers: A split-mouth randomized clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Tyagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"R7-20260501","first-page":"360","article-title":"Survival of different types of space maintainers","volume":"16","author":"Baroni","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"R8-20260501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3390\/dj13010032","article-title":"Effectiveness of space maintainers in pediatric patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Casa\u00f1a-Ruiz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dent J (Basel)"},{"key":"R9-20260501","first-page":"304","article-title":"Success rates and failures of fixed and removable space maintainers after the premature loss of primary molars","volume":"55","author":"Abdin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Quintessence Int"},{"key":"R10-20260501","first-page":"e97","article-title":"Evaluation of survival of 3 different fixed space maintainers","volume":"34","author":"Tunc","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"R11-20260501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.44836","article-title":"Glass fiber-reinforced composite resin as a space maintainer: A clinical study","volume":"26","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent"},{"key":"R12-20260501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_559_18","article-title":"The CONSORT statement","volume":"13","author":"Cuschieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"key":"R14-20260501","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effectiveness of CAD-CAM PEEK fabricated space maintainer in children: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"48","author":"AboulAzm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alex Dent J"},{"key":"R16-20260501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.270784","article-title":"Comparison of the longevity of prefabricated and conventional band and loops in children's primary teeth","volume":"16","author":"Tahririan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent Res J (Isfahan)"},{"key":"R17-20260501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4103\/JISPPD.JISPPD_9_19","article-title":"Maintenance of space by innovative three-dimensional-printed band and loop space maintainer","volume":"37","author":"Pawar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent"},{"key":"R18-20260501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12955","article-title":"Comparison of fit accuracy between conventional and CAD\/CAM-fabricated band-loop space maintainers","volume":"32","author":"Tokuc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"R19-20260501","first-page":"82","article-title":"Simplify your practice with 3D printed space maintainer","volume":"9","author":"Pahuja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Univ J Dent Sci"},{"key":"R20-20260501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.5577\/intdentres.2021.vol11.suppl1.32","article-title":"Survival and clinical evaluation of various space maintainers used for early primary tooth loss","volume":"11","author":"\u00d6z\u00fcdo\u011fru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Dent Res"},{"key":"R21-20260501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1967.38.6_part2.610","article-title":"The gingival index, the plaque index and the retention index systems","volume":"38","author":"L\u00f6e","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"R22-20260501","first-page":"4103","article-title":"Chairside clinical time and acceptance of conventional and prefabricated band and loop space maintainers in children \u2013A comparative study","volume":"10","author":"Nehta","year":"2026","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"R23-20260501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14081","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61743-7","article-title":"Effectiveness of traditional band and loop space maintainer versus 3D-printed space maintainer following the loss of primary teeth: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Thakur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R24-20260501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.13159","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the clinical success of 3D-printed space maintainers and band-loop space maintainers","volume":"34","author":"Cengiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"R25-20260501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-3118","article-title":"Efficacy of 3D-printed space maintainers in comparison to conventional and prefabricated space maintainers: A randomized control trial","volume":"18","author":"Kapoor","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"R26-20260501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262659","article-title":"Longevity of band and loop space maintainers using glass ionomer cement: A prospective study","volume":"10","author":"Sasa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Arch Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"R27-20260501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-015-0183-y","article-title":"Clinical success and longevity of band and loop compared to crown and loop space maintainers","volume":"16","author":"Qudeimat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Arch Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"R28-20260501","first-page":"e80308","article-title":"Effects of prefabricated versus conventional band and loop space maintainers on wound healing, plaque accumulation, and gingival health of the abutment tooth: A split-mouth randomized controlled trial","volume":"17","author":"Barve","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R29-20260501","first-page":"158","article-title":"Success of reinforced fiber material space maintainers","volume":"71","author":"Kirzio\u011flu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Dent Child (Chic)"},{"key":"R30-20260501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1245","article-title":"Banded versus bonded space maintainers: Finding better way out","volume":"7","author":"Setia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dent"}],"container-title":["Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_119_26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:39:00Z","timestamp":1786649940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_119_26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_119_26","relation":{},"ISSN":["0970-4388","1998-3905"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0970-4388","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3905","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-11","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-09","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}