{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:47:55Z","timestamp":1787071675632,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"\n Context:<\/jats:title>\n The primary teeth\u2019s unique histological properties and interactions with the oral cavity pose a challenge in treatment, unlike the permanent teeth. A repaired natural tooth maintains space better than an artificial one. These factors lead to a greater emphasis on saving the tooth by pulpectomy involving effective chemical cleaning and disinfection of canals than on meticulous mechanical canal shaping. As chemically available irrigants show cytotoxic effects, hence herbal-based irrigants are being considered viable options.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aim:<\/jats:title>\n The present study was undertaken to compare and assess the antimicrobial effect of 2.4% Curcuma longa extract, 25% aqueous propolis, and 2% chlorhexidine in deciduous teeth.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Forty eight subjects in age range of 4\u20137 years were allocated equally into four groups \u2013 Group I: saline (Negative control), Group II: 2% chlorhexidine (Positive control), Group III: 2.4% Curcuma longa, and Group IV: 25% aqueous propolis based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Isolation was achieved using a rubber dam. Pre and postirrigation samples were collected using sterile absorbent paper points and transferred to a test tube containing brain heart infusion. The pre and postirrigation samples were sent for microbial assay.\n Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n were isolated using standard microbiological methods, and serial dilution method was done to determine the pre and post irrigation colony counts. The plates were duplicated and incubated at 37\u00b0C for 24 h. The preirrigation and post irrigation colony count samples with different irrigants were counted and compared.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Statistical Analysis:<\/jats:title>\n \n For the saline paired\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test was used to compare the pre- and postirrigation values, and for 2% chlorhexidine, 2.4% curcuma longa, and 25% aqueous extract of propolis groups. The Wilcoxon matched signed rank test was used to compare pre- and post-irrigation bacterial counts. To compare the mean change in bacterial colony counts ANOVA test was done.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n and\n E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n were the most commonly isolated microorganisms. There was no statistical significant difference between saline, 2% chlorhexidine, 2.4% curcuma longa, and 25% aqueous extract of propolis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n The micro-organisms prevalent in primary teeth with necrosis included\n S. mutans and E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n . Antimicrobial sensitivity testing done with the serial dilution method showed that herbal irrigants such as 2.4% Curcuma longa extract and propolis were equally effective as 2% chlorhexidine.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_133_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T17:00:50Z","timestamp":1759251650000},"page":"425-431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial effectiveness of 2% chlorhexidine, 25% aqueous extract of propolis, and 2.4% curcuma longa as intracanal irrigants: An ex vivo study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Upasana","family":"Sengupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, MMCDSR, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. P. Suma","family":"Sogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, MMCDSR, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Gulbar","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, MMCDSR, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosy","family":"Bala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, MMIMS, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reena","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Central Research Cell, MMIMS, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Central Research Cell, MMIMS, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansi","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, MMCDSR, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402006000200012","article-title":"Bacterial profile in primary teeth with necrotic pulp and periapical lesions","volume":"17","author":"da Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz Dent J"},{"key":"R3-20251001","first-page":"118","article-title":"Assessment of the microbiota in root canals of human primary teeth by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization","volume":"74","author":"Ruvi\u00e9re","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dent Child (Chic)"},{"key":"R4-20251001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.21608\/ajdsm.2021.111528.1279","article-title":"Evaluation of turmeric and thyme as root canal irrigants of primary teeth","volume":"25","author":"Tawfik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Al Azhar J Dent Sci"},{"key":"R5-20251001","first-page":"96","article-title":"Role of herbs in endodontics: An update","volume":"23","author":"Kamat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endodontology"},{"key":"R6-20251001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.49.1","article-title":"Physiologic root resorption in primary teeth: Molecular and histological events","volume":"49","author":"Harokopakis-Hajishengallis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"key":"R7-20251001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.130786","article-title":"The antimicrobial effectiveness of 25% propolis extract in root canal irrigation of primary teeth","volume":"32","author":"Verma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent"},{"key":"R8-20251001","first-page":"130","article-title":"The effect of propolis on dentinal hypersensitivity and level of satisfaction among patients from a university hospital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"10","author":"Mahmoud","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"R9-20251001","first-page":"6","article-title":"Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of propolis and chamomile as root canal irrigant on Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"11","author":"Aly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Al Azhar J Dent"},{"key":"R10-20251001","first-page":"175","article-title":"Comparison of antibacterial activity of Curcuma longa and Curcuma zedoaria rhizomes extracts at a concentration of 12.5% against Streptococcus mutans","volume":"1","author":"Mozartha","year":"2021","journal-title":"JOHDS"},{"key":"R11-20251001","first-page":"37","article-title":"Analysis of antibacterial activity of curcumin against Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"3","author":"Neelakantan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Curr Res Rev"},{"key":"R12-20251001","first-page":"167","article-title":"A comparative anti-microbial efficacy of root canal disinfection using conventional method of 3% sodium hypochlorite and 17% edta with 0.25% hydro-alcoholic solution of turmeric and 7.5% hydro-alcoholic solution of neem-an in vivo study","volume":"25","author":"Singh","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R13-20251001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/etp.12031","article-title":"Update on endodontic irrigating solutions","volume":"27","author":"Basrani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endod Top"},{"key":"R14-20251001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(06)80284-0","article-title":"Elimination of infection in pulpectomized deciduous teeth: A short-term study using iodoform paste","volume":"20","author":"Thomas","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R15-20251001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(91)90313-2","article-title":"Complications in the use of sodium hypochlorite during endodontic treatment. 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