{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:13:09Z","timestamp":1791987189440,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Salivary carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a zinc-containing enzyme that helps to regulate the salivary pH via bicarbonate production.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present study aims to determine CA VI concentration and activity in preschool children with white spot lesions (WSLs) and its associated\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study was performed in forty children aged 3\u20136 years who were examined using Nyvad\u2019s criteria and allocated into two groups: With and without active WSLs. Stimulated saliva samples were collected. The determination of CA VI concentration and activity was performed using an enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay kit, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      culturing and identification were performed in a microbiology laboratory using the plate counting method. Data were analyzed using Student\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test and simple linear regression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results of the study showed that the mean CA VI activity was higher (2.19 \u00b1 0.27 units\/nm) and concentration was lower (440.30 \u00b1 64.99 pg\/ml) in preschool children with active WSLs. Furthermore, the mean colony-forming units of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      were significantly higher (108.89 \u00b1 8.23) in the WSL group. The level of significance was set at\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Salivary CA VI is a potential biomarker for caries susceptibility in preschool children. They can be used as a caries risk indicator to predict the likelihood of developing new lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_315_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T12:00:21Z","timestamp":1763121621000},"page":"493-498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Salivary carbonic anhydrase VI as a biomarker for caries susceptibility in pre-school children and its associated Streptococcus mutans of white spot lesions: A cross-sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Reshma","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Nagarathna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251117","first-page":"13","article-title":"Definition of Early Childhood Caries (ECC)","volume":"30","author":"Council","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Acad Pediatric Dent"},{"key":"R2-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.25259\/NMJI_374_2022","article-title":"Severe early childhood caries among young children and its association with behavioural factors: A hospital-based cross-sectional study","volume":"37","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"R4-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.5152\/cjms.2020.1902","article-title":"White spot lesions: Recent detection and treatment methods","volume":"5","author":"Sad\u0131ko\u011flu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cyprus J Med Sci"},{"key":"R5-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12824","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12824","article-title":"Acidogenic and aciduric properties of Streptococcus mutans serotype c according to its genomic variability","volume":"129","author":"Bedoya-Correa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"R6-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1999.t01-1-00315.x","article-title":"Salivary carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme VI","volume":"520","author":"Kivela","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"R7-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2004.00180.x","article-title":"Enzymes in the acquired enamel pellicle","volume":"113","author":"Hannig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"R8-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(95)00001-6","article-title":"Radioimmunoassay for salivary carbonic anhydrase in human parotid saliva","volume":"40","author":"Fernley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"R9-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3180291","article-title":"Sequence of bovine carbonic anhydrase VI: Potential recognition sites for N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase","volume":"318","author":"Jiang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"R10-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00216a035","article-title":"Human secreted carbonic anhydrase: cDNA cloning, nucleotide sequence, and hybridization histochemistry","volume":"30","author":"Aldred","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"R11-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1159\/000159608","article-title":"Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis colonization correlated with caries experience in children","volume":"42","author":"Ge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"R12-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112673","article-title":"Activity of carbonic anhydrase VI is higher in dental biofilm of children with caries","volume":"20","author":"Picco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R13-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(89)90070-8","article-title":"Characterization of in vivo salivary-derived enamel pellicle","volume":"34","author":"Al-Hashimi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"R14-20251117","first-page":"141","article-title":"On the bacterial factor in the etiology of dental caries","volume":"5","author":"Clarke","year":"1924","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"R16-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.723","article-title":"Associations of the activity and concentration of carbonic anhydrase VI with susceptibility to dental caries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Al-Mahdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dent Res"},{"key":"R17-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.29328\/journal.jcad.1001028","article-title":"The protective potential of carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI) against tooth decay in children: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Picco","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Adv Dent"},{"key":"R18-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12717","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase VI activity in saliva and biofilm can predict early childhood caries: A preliminary study","volume":"31","author":"de-Sousa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"R19-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12249","article-title":"Relationship among ? amylase and carbonic anhydrase VI in saliva, visible biofilm, and early childhood caries: A longitudinal study","volume":"27","author":"Borghi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"R20-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17429","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17429","article-title":"Sucrose rinse modulates the salivary behavior of carbonic anhydrase VI and its buffering capacity: A longitudinal study in 4 to 6.5-year-old children","volume":"12","author":"de Souza","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"R21-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2010.03.002","article-title":"Microbiology of dental plaque biofilms and their role in oral health and caries","volume":"54","author":"Marsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dent Clin North Am"},{"key":"R22-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.26.020175.001005","article-title":"Dental caries","volume":"26","author":"Gibbons","year":"1975","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"R23-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3109\/00016358408993867","article-title":"Streptococcus mutans in saliva: Intraindividual variations and relation to the number of colonized sites","volume":"42","author":"Togelius","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"R24-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1159\/000260107","article-title":"Carbonic anhydrase activity in the saliva of children and its relation to caries activity","volume":"8","author":"Szab\u00f3","year":"1974","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"R25-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1159\/000514502","article-title":"Breastfeeding and childhood dental caries: Results from a socially diverse birth cohort study","volume":"55","author":"van Meijeren-van Lunteren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Caries Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_315_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:52:36Z","timestamp":1787068356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_315_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_315_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0970-4388","1998-3905"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0970-4388","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3905","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-22","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-02","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}