{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:21:26Z","timestamp":1793319686761,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Various studies have evaluated the accuracy of large language models (LLMs) in the detection of periapical radiolucencies from adult radiographs and orthopantomographs. However, none have evaluated their efficacy in evaluating parameters from mixed dentition radiographs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of GPT-5 (GT), Gemini 3 Pro (GP), and Sonar (SR) in assessing tooth detection and identification, dental caries, periapical status, and stages of tooth development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Settings and Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 93 mixed dentition radiographs from children aged 6\u201312 years were included. Two pediatric dentists evaluated anonymized radiographs and were blinded to the outputs generated by the LLM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A standardized prompt-engineering framework was used to instruct the LLM. The outputs generated were recorded in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and compared with the reference standard established by the examiners.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Analysis Used:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Stata Statistical Software (Release 19), Cohen\u2019s kappa coefficient, Cochran\u2019s Q test, and McNemar\u2019s test were used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was established at\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GP was found to have the highest accuracy in identifying teeth. GP showed the highest observed and expected agreements in identifying caries levels. GP was better at recognizing advanced carious lesions, while GT and SR were better at identifying sound teeth. None of the LLMs could identify periodontitis. GP showed the best overall performance in identifying tooth development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GP was found to have the highest accuracy for all parameters among the LLMs tested. However, all the LLMs were found to be inferior to expert human judgment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_352_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:01:03Z","timestamp":1790096463000},"page":"546-552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The accuracy of large language models in assessing tooth detection and identification, dental caries, periapical status, and tooth development from mixed dentition radiographs"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"M. K.","family":"Nasreen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Chalakkal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harsh Ulhas","family":"Manerkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramya","family":"Ramanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 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