{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:24:55Z","timestamp":1787772295537,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mouth breathing is one of the most deleterious oral habits with a prevalence of 4%\u20136% among children. Due to the wide range of comorbidities associated with mouth breathing, early diagnosis and prompt treatment is indispensable. At present, there are very few objective methods available for the diagnosis of mouth breathing. The present study was planned to evaluate a possible correlation between nasal index (NI) and nasal cavity volume (NCV) among nasal and mouth breathers (MB). In addition, the average NCV of nasal and MB was also computed. The foresight of this research was to establish the significance of NI as an objective diagnostic tool for mouth breathing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study was conducted among 8\u201311-year-old children. The NI was determined using a digital Vernier caliper and NCV was calculated using dolphin imagingsoftware.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was a significant difference in NCV and nasal width (NW) in both groups, but no difference was seen in nasal height and NI. There was no statistically significant correlation between NCV and other parameters in both groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study was a baseline analysis in this line. Even though this study did not reveal any significant correlation between both parameters, future studies are recommended to explore a plausible correlation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_372_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T05:07:05Z","timestamp":1716268025000},"page":"48-54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlation and comparative evaluation of nasal index and nasal cavity volume in nasal and mouth breathers"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Ritesh","family":"Kalaskar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Balasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashita","family":"Kalaskar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-9-20240905","first-page":"50","article-title":"Influence of mouth breathing on the dentofacial growth of children: A cephalometric study","volume":"6","author":"Basheer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Int Oral Health"},{"key":"R2-9-20240905","first-page":"39","article-title":"An epidemiological study to know the prevalence of deleterious oral habits among 6 to 12 year old children","volume":"6","author":"Garde","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Int Oral Health"},{"key":"R3-9-20240905","first-page":"96","article-title":"Oral habits in school going children of Pune: A prevalence study","volume":"7","author":"Jajoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Int Oral Health"},{"key":"R4-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1952.0099","article-title":"Mouth breathing. I. Etiology and effects; a review","volume":"44","author":"Emslie","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"R5-9-20240905","first-page":"18","article-title":"Mouth breathing: adverse effects on facial growth, health, academics, and behavior","volume":"58","author":"Jefferson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gen Dent"},{"key":"R6-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(97)70249-X","article-title":"The functional matrix hypothesis revisited. 2. The role of an osseous connected cellular network","volume":"112","author":"Moss","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"R7-9-20240905","first-page":"37","article-title":"Relationship between oro and nasopharynx permeability and the direction of facial growth","volume":"18","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"R8-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12053","article-title":"The relationship between upper airways and craniofacial morphology studied in 3D. A CBCT study","volume":"18","author":"Di Carlo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res"},{"key":"R9-9-20240905","first-page":"200","article-title":"Mouth breathing and its relationship to some oral and medical conditions: Physiopathological mechanisms involved","volume":"15","author":"Triana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Habanera Cienc M\u00e9d"},{"key":"R10-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6896","DOI":"10.16965\/ijar.2019.255","article-title":"Anthropometric evaluation of nasal height, nasal breadth and nasal index among bini children in Southern Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Rotimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Anat Res"},{"key":"R11-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2009.01905.x","article-title":"A systematic review of the nasal index and the significance of the shape and size of the nose in rhinology","volume":"34","author":"Leong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"key":"R12-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20893","article-title":"Ecogeographic variation in human nasal passages","volume":"138","author":"Yokley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"R13-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-015-0566-5","article-title":"Revised IAP growth charts for height, weight and body mass index for 5- to 18-year-old Indian children","volume":"52","author":"Khadilkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"R14-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.04.010","article-title":"Does pterygomaxillary disjunction in surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion influence upper airway volume? A prospective study using Dolphin Imaging 3D","volume":"46","author":"R\u00f4mulo de Medeiros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R15-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25543","article-title":"Volumetric nasal cavity analysis in children with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate","volume":"126","author":"Farzal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"R16-9-20240905","first-page":"269","article-title":"Influence of respiratory pattern on craniofacial growth","volume":"51","author":"McNamara","year":"1981","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"R17-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-5150.027.002.AO06","article-title":"Childhood mouth-breathing consequences at adult age: Ventilatory function and quality of life","volume":"27","author":"Milanesi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fisioter Mov"},{"key":"R18-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2009.03.034","article-title":"Clinical estimation of mouth breathing","volume":"136","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"R19-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1590\/2176-9451.20.4.039-044.oar","article-title":"Guidelines proposal for clinical recognition of mouth breathing children","volume":"20","author":"Pacheco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dental Press J Orthod"},{"key":"R20-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cju018","article-title":"Palatal surface and volume in mouth-breathing subjects evaluated with three-dimensional analysis of digital dental casts-a controlled study","volume":"37","author":"Lione","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"R21-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2020.110139","article-title":"The role of pediatric maxillary expansion on nasal breathing. A systematic review and metanalysis","volume":"135","author":"Calvo-Henriquez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"R22-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(88)90158-8","article-title":"The relationship between nasal airway size and nasal-oral breathing","volume":"93","author":"Warren","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"R23-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330850406","article-title":"Variation in human nasal height and breadth","volume":"85","author":"Franciscus","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"R24-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.191882","article-title":"Does a correlation exist between nasal airway volume and craniofacial morphology: A cone beam computed tomography study","volume":"27","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"key":"R25-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2008.22.3187","article-title":"Nasal airway volume and resistance to airflow","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"R26-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(05)80053-8","article-title":"External nasal morphology and respiratory function","volume":"97","author":"Spalding","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"R27-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino.10.105","article-title":"The relationship between nasal index and nasal airway resistance, and response to a topical decongestant","volume":"49","author":"Doddi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"R28-9-20240905","first-page":"203","article-title":"Acoustic rhinometry in the evaluation of children with nasal or oral respiration","volume":"18","author":"Zavras","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"R29-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1917","article-title":"Evaluation of the average nasal and nasopharyngeal volume in 10-13-year-old children: A preliminary CBCT study","volume":"14","author":"Kalaskar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"R30-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_487_20","article-title":"Evaluation of the average pulp cavity volume of primary second molar and canine for obturation of a single primary tooth: A preliminary cone-beam computed tomographic study","volume":"39","author":"Kalaskar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent"},{"key":"R31-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2012.11.005","article-title":"Dimensional changes in maxillary sinus of mouth breathers","volume":"3","author":"Tikku","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Oral Biol Craniofac Res"},{"key":"R32-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.891371","article-title":"Alterations in maxillary sinus volume among oral and nasal breathers","volume":"21","author":"Agacayak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"R33-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2011.06.019","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of pharyngeal airway in nasal- and mouth-breathing children","volume":"75","author":"Alves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"R34-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.22.4.061-069.oar","article-title":"Skeletal effects of RME in the transverse and vertical dimensions of the nasal cavity in mouth-breathing growing children","volume":"22","author":"Cappellette","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dental Press J Orthod"},{"key":"R35-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2017.01.009","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion in mouth breathers: A short-term skeletal and soft-tissue effect on the nose","volume":"84","author":"Badreddine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"R36-9-20240905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(99)70190-3","article-title":"Photographic analysis of facial changes associated with maxillary expansion","volume":"116","author":"Berger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"}],"container-title":["Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_372_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:36:55Z","timestamp":1787769415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_372_21"}},"subtitle":["A preliminary cone-beam computed tomographic study"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_372_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0970-4388"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0970-4388","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}}}