{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:36:21Z","timestamp":1786649781973,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prolonged mouth breathing (MB) can produce muscular and postural alterations which in turn can cause changes on the morphology, position, and growth direction of the jaws. Therefore, a study was planned to compare the palatal dimension in obstructive and habitual mouth breathers with that of nasal breathers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The total sample of 75 subjects is divided into three groups with 25 patients in each group \u2013 Group A: patients with obstructive MB habit, Group B: patients with habitual MB habit, and Group C: patients with nasal breathing (control group). A maxillary cast model was prepared from these patients and the following parameters were determined using digital vernier calipers \u2013 canine distance, canine depth, palatal width, palatal height, and palatal index. One-way ANOVA with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">post hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      test was used to compare between the groups.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The comparison of hard palate dimensions observed in nasal breathers, obstructive and habitual mouth breathers showed differences regarding the distance and depth of first molars. The lowest palatal width was observed in obstructive mouth breathers with a mean width of 33.25 (3.42). 56% of obstructive mouth breathers had high palatal depth compared to control (36%) and habitual mouth breathers (28%) groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obstructive mouth breathers exhibited the lowest palatal width, accompanied by the highest palatal height and depth when compared to habitual mouth breathers and nasal breathers. It is also evident that obstructive mouth breathers presented a deeper hard palate when compared to habitual mouth breathers and nasal breathers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_381_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T01:12:28Z","timestamp":1743383548000},"page":"88-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparison of palatal dimension in children with obstructive and habitual mouth breathing"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Soni","family":"Kottayi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Kannur Dental College, Kannur, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sneha","family":"Pramod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Kannur Dental College, Kannur, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faizal C.","family":"Peedikayil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Kannur Dental College, Kannur, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athira","family":"Aravind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Kannur Dental College, Kannur, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aswathi","family":"Sreedharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Kannur Dental College, Kannur, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athul","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Kannur Dental College, Kannur, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012036.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/884\/1\/012036","article-title":"Changes in the palatal dimensions of mouth breathing children caused by nasal obstruction","volume":"884","author":"Indiarti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Phys Conf Ser"},{"key":"R2-20260423","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of the habit of mouth breathing on the development of the stomatognathic system-literature review","volume":"4","author":"Del Carmen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dent Sci Res Rep"},{"key":"R3-20260423","first-page":"201","article-title":"Effect of mouth breathing on dental occlusion","volume":"43","author":"Paul","year":"1973","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"R5-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1590\/2176-9451.20.4.039-044.oar","article-title":"Guidelines proposal for clinical recognition of mouth breathing children","volume":"20","author":"Pacheco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dental Press J Orthod"},{"key":"R6-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03013818","article-title":"Clinical sign to predict difficult tracheal intubation (hypothesis)","volume":"30","author":"Mallampati","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can Anaesth Soc J"},{"key":"R7-20260423","first-page":"514.","article-title":"Correlation of three dimensions of palate with maxillary arch form and perimeter as predictive measures for orthodontic and orthognathic surgery","volume":"8","author":"Kareem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"R8-20260423","first-page":"137","article-title":"Mouth breathing a habit or anomaly-a review","volume":"6","author":"Rangeeth","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Indian Dent Assoc Madras"},{"key":"R9-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdj.2020.10.002","article-title":"Factors related to mouth-breathing syndrome and the influence of an incompetent lip seal on facial soft tissue form in children","volume":"31","author":"Inada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent J"},{"key":"R10-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-03791-1","article-title":"Do breastfed children have a lower chance of developing mouth breathing? 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