{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:23:55Z","timestamp":1787772235459,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a developmental enamel defect of systemic origin. It can compromise function, esthetics, and treatment outcomes. The etiology is multifactorial, involving systemic, perinatal, and environmental factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aim:<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between MIH and systemic disorders, early childhood medications, and environmental factors in children attending pediatric dental clinics in Erbil, Iraq.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n A cross-sectional study was conducted with 237 children aged 7\u201312 years. MIH was diagnosed using the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (2024) criteria. Parents completed a validated 19-item questionnaire covering systemic, medication-related, and environmental factors during the perinatal period. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05) were applied using SPSS v26.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Of 237 children, 16.0% had MIH, 25.2% had non-MIH lesions, and 58.8% were lesion-free. Two significant associations were identified: otitis media before age 3 years (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.0468) and dermatitis requiring medication (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.0259). No significant relationships were found with perinatal or environmental factors.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n MIH was significantly associated with early childhood systemic conditions, particularly otitis media and dermatitis requiring pharmacologic therapy. These findings highlight the importance of integrating early medical histories in pediatric dental risk assessment and preventive planning.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_488_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T07:00:54Z","timestamp":1772175654000},"page":"72-76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Relationship between molar-incisor hypomineralization and the disorders, medications, and environmental factors during perinatal and postnatal periods"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Bushra Rashid","family":"Noaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tishk International University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Layla Muhamed","family":"Fatah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnosis and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tishk International University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab Yalman","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Tishk International University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Sherzad","family":"Rasool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tishk International University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260227","first-page":"110","article-title":"Judgement criteria for molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) in epidemiologic studies: A summary of the European meeting on MIH held in Athens, 2003","volume":"4","author":"Weerheijm","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"R2-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-263x.2000.00210.x","article-title":"Enamel hypomineralization of permanent first molars: A morphological study and survey of possible aetiological factors","volume":"10","author":"J\u00e4levik","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"R3-20260227","first-page":"56","article-title":"Bacterial invasion of dentinal tubules beneath molar \u2013Incisor hypomineralization lesions","volume":"23","author":"Fagrell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"R4-20260227","first-page":"657","article-title":"Etiological factors associated with molar\u2013incisor hypomineralization: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Mittal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"R5-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.160366","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of molar incisor hypomineralization in children aged 11-16 years of a city in Karnataka, Davangere","volume":"33","author":"Kirthiga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent"},{"key":"R6-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.180438","article-title":"Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization in school children aged 8-12 years in Chennai","volume":"34","author":"Yannam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent"},{"key":"R8-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12229","article-title":"Etiology of molar incisor hypomineralization - A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"key":"R9-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35881-3","article-title":"The global burden of molar-incisor hypomineralization \u2013A cross-sectional study in Syrian children","volume":"13","author":"Al-Nerabieah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R10-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4103\/jofs.jofs_279_23","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of molar incisor hypomineralization in school children: A cross-sectional study in North Kerala, India","volume":"15","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orofac Sci"},{"key":"R11-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-025-01972-2","article-title":"Aetiological factors in molar incisor hypomineralisation: A case-control study from Salamanca, Spain","volume":"51","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"R12-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03637-0","article-title":"Is there a rise of prevalence for molar incisor hypomineralization?A meta-analysis of published data","volume":"24","author":"Sluka","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"R13-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_27_23","article-title":"Assessment of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children with molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) \u2013A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"40","author":"Jawdekar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent"},{"key":"R14-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05800-5","article-title":"Which are the clinical consequences of Molar Incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in children and adolescents?Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Gevert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"R15-20260227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05065-0","article-title":"Influence of maternal health status during pregnancy and the child's medical history on molar-incisor hypomineralization in a group of Spanish children (aged 6-14 years): A retrospective case-control study","volume":"24","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_488_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:34:32Z","timestamp":1787769272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_488_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_488_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0970-4388","1998-3905"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0970-4388","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3905","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-28","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-11","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}