{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T20:38:50Z","timestamp":1786653530409,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n \n Dental caries can often advance unnoticed, leading to pulpal involvement. Endodontic treatment eradicates pulpal infections, with the effectiveness of treatment heavily dependent on microbial reduction. Sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine are commonly used irrigants, but both have limitations.\n Moringa oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n and grape seed (GS) extracts are known for their antimicrobial properties, and these natural remedies offer potential solutions to combat persistent microbial challenges like\n Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n during root canal disinfection.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aim:<\/jats:title>\n \n This study aimed to evaluate antibacterial efficacy and the sustained antimicrobial substantivity of\n M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n Lam. leaf extract, GS extract (GSE), and 2% chlorhexidine against\n E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Forty anonymized extracted permanent single-rooted mandibular human teeth samples were inoculated with\n E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n and incubated for 3 weeks. Samples were allocated into four experimental groups, each comprising ten samples: Group 1 \u2013\n M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n Lam. leaf extract, Group 2 \u2013 GSE, Group 3 \u2013 2% chlorhexidine (positive control), and Group 4 \u2013 saline (negative control). Root canals were prepared up to size #40 K-file and rinsed with 3 mL of the respective irrigating solution between every file change. Microbiological assessment involved four collections using H-file: immediately postinstrumentation, 24 h postinstrumentation, 7 days postinstrumentation, and 14 days postinstrumentation. CFU\/ml was determined.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Antibacterial efficacy of\n Moringa<\/jats:italic>\n leaf extract was significantly higher (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001*) when compared to GSE. All groups showed antibacterial efficacy significantly different from each other with the greatest being 2% chlorhexidine >\n Moringa<\/jats:italic>\n leaf extract > GSE.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n M. oleifera<\/jats:italic>\n Lam. leaf extract and GSE both showed antibacterial efficacy against\n E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n and can be potential irrigants in the future. However, its antibacterial efficacy is significantly less when compared to that of 2% chlorhexidine.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jisppd.jisppd_544_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:00:15Z","timestamp":1777568415000},"page":"223-229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative evaluation and antibacterial efficacy of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaf extract, grape seed extract, and 2% chlorhexidine as root canal irrigants against Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Prithi","family":"Shenoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. T. Ajay","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharan S.","family":"Sargod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raksha K.","family":"Ballal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanditha","family":"Hegde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya 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