{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:07:35Z","timestamp":1792001255918,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Scientific Scholar","issue":"03","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":281,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dr. Ramdas Pai and Mrs. Vasanthi Pai Endowment fund SMIMS","award":["SMIMS\/Letter\/2016\/150. F. A. No: Endow\/019\/\nSMU\/16-17."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SMIMS\/Letter\/2016\/150. F. A. No: Endow\/019\/\nSMU\/16-17."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Lab Physicians"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n          BACKGROUND: Enterococcus is an important pathogen, and with its emergence of resistance to multiple antimicrobials, the management of infection is becoming increasingly difficult.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          AIM: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and risk factors associated with enterococcal infection or colonization.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, samples from inpatients were screened for resistant enterococci. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration by the agar dilution method. A modification of a test tube method of sodium chloride-esculin hydrolysis to a spot test was evaluated for its rapidity and reliability in the presumptive diagnosis of enterococci.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Fisher's exact test was used for continuous (Student's t-test) and categorical variables. Multivariate analysis was performed with logistic regression using IBM SPSS 20.0 software (Armonk, NY, USA).<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          RESULTS: Enterococcus species were isolated from 182 samples: Enterococcus faecalis (68.7%), Enterococcus faecium (20.9%), Enterococcus gallinarum (6%), and Enterococcus durans (4.4%). Maximum resistance was to ciprofloxacin (59.3%) and least to linezolid (0.5%). The isolation rate of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) was 13.7%; 30.2% and 20.9% were of high-level gentamicin and streptomycin, respectively. All 182 Enterococcus species gave positive results within 30\u201360 min by the rapid spot test.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n          CONCLUSIONS: Overall, high-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) was observed more than glycopeptide resistance. Surveillance strategies need to be upgraded and implemented in order to prevent the emergence and further spread of not only VRE but also HLAR enterococci in the hospital. The spot test gave reliable and rapid results in presumptive identification of enterococci.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/jlp.jlp_5_19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T05:59:41Z","timestamp":1569909581000},"page":"192-199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Study of vancomycin and high-level aminoglycoside-resistant Enterococcus species and evaluation of a rapid spot test for enterococci from Central Referral Hospital, Sikkim, India"],"prefix":"10.25259","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tsering","family":"Yangzom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Central Referral Hospital, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Tadong, Sikkim, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Shanti","family":"Kumar Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Central Referral Hospital, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Tadong, Sikkim, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10894","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-1","first-page":"3027","volume-title":"Routine procedures for isolation and identification of enterococci and fecal streptococci","author":"Knudtson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-2","first-page":"513","volume-title":"Relationships between enterococcal virulence and antimicrobial resistance","author":"Mundy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-3","unstructured":"Winn WC, Koneman EW, Allen SD, Prop GW, Janda WM, Schreckenberger PC, et al. Enterococcus species. In: Koneman's Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2006. p. 700-4."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-4","unstructured":"Lebreton F, Willems RJ, Gilmore MS. Enterococcus Diversity, origins in nature, and gut colonization. In: Gilmore MS, Clewell DB, Ike Y, Shankar N, editors. Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection. Boston: Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; 2014. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK190427\/. 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Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2016. p. 45, 82-5."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-11","first-page":"731","volume-title":"Identification of Enterococcus species isolated from human infections by a conventional test scheme","author":"Facklam","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-12","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Epidemiology of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis: A case-case-control study","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-13","first-page":"329157","volume-title":"High level aminoglycoside resistance and distribution of aminoglycoside resistant genes among clinical isolates of Enterococcus species in Chennai, India","author":"Padmasini","year":"2014","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-14","first-page":"620","volume-title":"Emerging vancomycin resistance in enterococci in India","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0377-4929","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-15","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Prevalence of multidrug resistant enterococci in a tertiary care hospital in India: A growing threat","author":"Gangurde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-16","first-page":"3402","volume-title":"Trends in susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium to tigecycline, daptomycin, and linezolid and molecular epidemiology of the isolates: Results from the tigecycline in vitro surveillance in Taiwan (TIST) study, 2006 to 2010","author":"Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-17","first-page":"777","volume-title":"Healthcare-associated vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium infections in the Mansoura University hospitals intensive care units, Egypt","author":"Moemen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-18","first-page":"DC01","volume-title":"Characterization of vancomycin resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients and role of gut colonization","author":"Purohit","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-19","first-page":"38","volume-title":"Prevalence, outcome and risk factor associated with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium at a tertiary care hospital in Northern India","author":"Tripathi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0255-0857","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-20","first-page":"DC04","volume-title":"Detection of vancomycin resistance among Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus","author":"Rengaraj","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-21","first-page":"529","volume-title":"Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: Colonization, infection, detection, and treatment","author":"Zirakzadeh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-22","first-page":"167","volume-title":"High rate of false-negative results of the rectal swab culture method in detection of gastrointestinal colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci","author":"D'Agata","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-23","unstructured":"Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) and the Clinical Laboratory. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2010. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hai\/settings\/lab\/vreclinical-laboratory.html. [Last accessed on 2017 Jan 09]."},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-24","first-page":"e47297","volume-title":"Incidence of and risk factors for infection or colonization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in patients in the intensive care unit","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.4103\/0974-2727.267051-25","first-page":"180","volume-title":"Rapid spot test for the determination of esculin hydrolysis","author":"Edberg","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Laboratory Physicians"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.thieme-connect.de\/products\/ejournals\/pdf\/10.4103\/JLP.JLP_5_19.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]],"date-time":"2023-12-24T08:16:20Z","timestamp":1703405780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jlabphy.org\/study-of-vancomycin-and-high-level-aminoglycoside-resistant-enterococcus-species-and-evaluation-of-a-rapid-spot-test-for-enterococci-from-central-referral-hospital-sikkim-india\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"03","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jlp.jlp_5_19","relation":{},"ISSN":["0974-2727","0974-7826"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0974-2727","type":"print"},{"value":"0974-7826","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}}}