{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:12:16Z","timestamp":1790611936318,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thymus is a T-cell-producing lymphoid organ that appears prominent in the paediatric population and involutes in size with ageing. The gland shows a wide variety of appearances across different age groups. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the computed tomography (CT) appearance of thymus gland in the normal population with a focus on size, CT attenuation and fatty infiltration in different age groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a retrospective study done after taking approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Patients undergone CT scans of the thorax were identified from our database. All evaluations were done in non-contrast CT scans. Patients having underlying diseases that may have associated thymic abnormality were excluded. The appearance of thymus and the presence of fatty replacement were assessed. The size of thymus (length and thickness of right limb and left limb) and non-contrast CT Hounsfield unit (HU) value of thymic tissue were measured and compared in various age groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four hundred and fifty patients were included, 262 (58.2%) were male. Mean age was 33.6 \u00b1 17.1 years, range (3 months\u201380 years). The size of thymus was observed to decrease with increasing age. The mean age of complete fatty replacement in our study was 45 years. Complete fatty replacement was noted in all cases with an age of more than 60 years. The most common shape was arrowhead, and the most common location was pre-aortic and para-aortic location. Non-contrast CT HU value was maximum in infants and gradually decreased with advancing age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Even normal thymus can show varied appearance on CT which changes with the age of the patient being imaged. A comparison with normative data could help differentiate normal from abnormal glands to avoid unnecessary intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jmas.jmas_25_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T13:00:37Z","timestamp":1692018037000},"page":"101-106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multidetector computed tomography evaluation of normal thymus and variations with age"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Suprava","family":"Naik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aishvarya","family":"Shri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simran","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuvraj","family":"Lahre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nerbadyswari Deep","family":"Bag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev Kumar","family":"Bhoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudipta","family":"Mohakud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3796-y","article-title":"Normal thymus in adults: Appearance on CT and associations with age, sex, BMI and smoking","volume":"26","author":"Araki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"R2-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199003000-00010","article-title":"Histology of the normal thymus","volume":"14","author":"Suster","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Surg 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Geer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R7-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.141.2.241","article-title":"Age-related changes in the thymus gland: CT-pathologic correlation","volume":"141","author":"Moore","year":"1983","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"R8-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(78)80131-2","article-title":"Thymic hyperplasia and neoplasia: A review of current concepts","volume":"9","author":"Levine","year":"1978","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"R9-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.147.6.1145","article-title":"Rebound thymic hyperplasia after treatment of Cushing's syndrome","volume":"147","author":"Doppman","year":"1986","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"R10-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000117824","article-title":"Direct assessment of thymic reactivation after autologous stem cell transplantation","volume":"119","author":"Thiel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"R11-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1993.tb01729.x","article-title":"Thymic hyperplasia in adults following chemotherapy for malignancy","volume":"23","author":"Simmonds","year":"1993","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Med"},{"key":"R12-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2004.23.10.1321","article-title":"Analysis of the thymus in 151 healthy infants from 0 to 2 years of age","volume":"23","author":"Yekeler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"R13-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.302095131","article-title":"Clinical and radiologic review of the normal and abnormal thymus: Pearls and pitfalls","volume":"30","author":"Nasseri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"R14-20250410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4103\/jmas.JMAS_261_20","article-title":"Factors predicting perioperative outcomes in patients with myasthenia gravis or thymic neoplasms undergoing thymectomy by video-assisted thoracoscopic approach","volume":"18","author":"Vigneshwaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Minim Access Surg"}],"container-title":["Journal of Minimal Access 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