{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:32:07Z","timestamp":1788985927682,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Even though cardiovascular disease (CVD) kills more women than men each year and remains a leading cause of death in women, it is a common misconception that women are less likely to develop CVD. Considerable sex difference exists between men and women with regard to prevention, investigations, and management of CVD. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major contributor to CVD morbidity and mortality and hence is specifically addressed in this article. With an explosive increase in the incidence of conventional risk factors for coronary artery disease in India, there has been an alarming increase in women's coronary events as much as men. A false sense of gender-based protection by estrogen leads to less aggressive and late prevention or management strategies that contribute to women's CAD. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an important contributor to future development of CAD and is also an indicator for earlier interventions for prevention. Due to physical inactivity and central obesity, MetS is more prevalent in women, especially postmenopausal. With estrogen loss, menopause marks a critical cardiovascular biological transition, with a significantly increased CVD risk in women aged &gt;55 years. Certain female-specific risk factors, such as history of polycystic ovarian syndrome, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and gestational diabetes, also seem to play an essential role in the development of CVD in later life. Certain vascular and biological factors, such as smaller coronary vessel size, higher prevalence of small vessel disease, and lesser development of collateral flow, also play an important role. This review article is an attempt to provide important information on gender differences in CVD with specific emphasis on CAD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jmh.jmh_31_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]],"date-time":"2021-04-17T04:36:19Z","timestamp":1618634179000},"page":"8-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Gender Bias in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Detection, and Management, with Specific Reference to Coronary Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shailesh","family":"Desai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atul","family":"Munshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devangi","family":"Munshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-3-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01415-2","article-title":"Prevalence of coronary artery disease and its relationship to lipids in a selected population in South India","volume":"38","author":"Mohan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R2-3-20240906","first-page":"59","article-title":"Prevalence of coronary heart disease and risk factors in an urban Indian population: Jaipur Heart Watch-2","volume":"54","author":"Gupta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"key":"R3-3-20240906","first-page":"44","article-title":"Prevalence of coronary heart disease in Kashmiris","volume":"59","author":"Kamili","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"key":"R4-3-20240906","first-page":"17","article-title":"Feasibility and training of multipurpose workers in detection, prevention and control of coronary artery disease in apple-belt of Shimla hills","volume":"6","author":"Gupta","year":"2002","journal-title":"South Asian J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"R5-3-20240906","first-page":"126","article-title":"Urbanization and coronary heart disease: A study of urban-rural differences in northern India","volume":"58","author":"Kumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"key":"R6-3-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17018-9","article-title":"The INTERHEART study investigators effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART Study): Case control study","volume":"364","author":"Yusuf","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R7-3-20240906","first-page":"24","article-title":"Menopause versus aging: The predictor of obesity and metabolic aberrations among menopausal women of Karnataka, South India","volume":"3","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Midlife Health"},{"key":"R8-3-20240906","first-page":"63","article-title":"Menopause and metabolic syndrome: A study of 498 urban women from western India","volume":"1","author":"Pandey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Midlife Health"},{"key":"R9-3-20240906","first-page":"17","article-title":"A prospective study on the incidence of metabolic syndrome in premenopausal and postmenopausal women","volume":"11","author":"Mehndiratta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Midlife Health"},{"key":"R10-3-20240906","first-page":"22","article-title":"Cardiometabolic risk in pre- and post-menopausal women with special reference to insulin resistance: A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Kirtikar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Midlife Health"},{"key":"R11-3-20240906","first-page":"169","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pre- and post-menopausal women: A prospective study from apex institute of North India","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Midlife Health"},{"key":"R12-3-20240906","first-page":"164","article-title":"Correlation between anthropometry and lipid profile in healthy subjects of Eastern India","volume":"6","author":"Manjareeka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Midlife Health"},{"key":"R13-3-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_10_17","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome crossing 40% in Northern India: Time to act fast before it runs out of proportions","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"R14-3-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199907223410402","article-title":"Sex, clinical presentation, and outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes. 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