{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T09:10:42Z","timestamp":1783933842828,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"\n A\n BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n <\/jats:title>\n \n Introduction: Background:<\/jats:title>\n The threat of cervical carcinoma is still a major public health challenge in low- and middle-income countries, including India. In this context, disparate findings about HPV genotypes are reported from different regions of India. Interestingly, although HPV-16 and HPV-18 have demonstrated global supremacy as risk factors for cervical cancer, recent observations from India indicate a rising trend of high-risk non-18 genotypes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aim and objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To assess the prevalence, distribution of genotypes, and molecular profile of the human papillomavirus in women presenting with suspected cervical pathology in the Agra region of North India. In addition, the cytology-VIA correlation and epidemiological risk factors in the region were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Material and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n In this hospital-based cross-sectional study, the data were collected over a period of 18 months from April 2023 to January 2025. A total of 500 symptomatic women between the age group of 25 and 65 years were included from a tertiary care hospital in Agra. Cervical samples were obtained for the Pap smear, VIA, and HPV DNA. Genotyping for various types of HPV was done by real-time PCR for 28 types of HPV. Sociodemographic, reproductive, and behavioral factors of the subjects were taken into consideration.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The DNA of the human papillomavirus was detected in 13% of the 500 patients. There was no association between sociodemographic and behavioral factors. Abnormal cytology was found to be highly significantly associated with the presence of the human papillomavirus. Abnormal cytology was 74.7% associated with the presence of human papillomavirus (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). Pap smear was found to be 95.6% specific and 86.2% sensitive. VIA was found to be 100% sensitive but 62.8% specific. In the present study, the human papillomavirus type 16 was the most prevalent. In addition to human papillomavirus type 16, human papillomavirus type 39.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n This study underlines marked regional diversity in HPV genotypes at high risk other than HPV-16\/18 and confirms a strong concordance between infection with high-risk human papillomavirus and cytological abnormalities. These findings raise the demand for genotype-informed surveillance of human papillomavirus infection, expanded vaccine coverage, and integrated screening to advance the effort at cervical cancer prevention in north India.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jmh.jmh_378_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T08:00:25Z","timestamp":1783497625000},"page":"228-235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Human Papilloma Virus in Carcinoma Cervix along with Screening of Risk Factors and their Regional Comparison"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Arti","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Sarojini Naidu Medical college, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Astha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, F.H. Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parul","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Sarojini Naidu Medical college, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gargi","family":"Tyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of administrative office, Sarojini Naidu Medical college, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Sarojini Naidu Medical college, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urvashi","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sarojini Naidu Medical college, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruchika","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sarojini Naidu Medical college, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayushi","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Liberal Arts and Humanities, Jindal Global University,Sonipat, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surabhi","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Sarojini Naidu Medical college, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260713","first-page":"e123","article-title":"Global estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2020: Baseline analysis of the WHO global cervical cancer elimination initiative","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"R2-20260713","first-page":"27","article-title":"Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in cervical cancer in India: results from a multi-center study","volume":"10","author":"Basu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"R3-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2136-4","article-title":"HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India","volume":"17","author":"Senapati","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R4-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmmb.2022.09.004","article-title":"HPV genotype prevalence in Indian women with cervical disease and estimation of the potential impact of HPV vaccines on prevention of cervical cancer","volume":"43","author":"Nagaraja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R5-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.25259\/ijmr_212_24","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of human papillomavirus variants in cervical cancer in India","volume":"160","author":"Sharma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R6-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9214","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26189214","article-title":"From Viral Infection to Genome Reshaping: The Triggering Role of HPV Integration in Cervical Cancer","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"(10)","key":"R7-20260713","first-page":"902","article-title":"Prevalence and Determinants of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection in Middle-Aged Indian Women","volume":"38","author":"Sauvaget","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases"},{"key":"R9-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_631_19","article-title":"Detection of human papillomavirus high-risk genotypes in rural women of Lucknow, North India","volume":"17","author":"Srivastava","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"key":"R10-20260713","first-page":"463","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of high-risk HPV types in invasive cervical cancers in India","volume":"39","author":"Sowjanya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"key":"R11-20260713","first-page":"361","article-title":"Age-specific HPV prevalence and viral persistence in Indian women: A hospital-based study","volume":"90","author":"Bhatla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"R12-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1742661","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of human papilloma virus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among women living with HIV\/AIDS in Mumbai, India","volume":"43","author":"Pahwa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol"},{"key":"R13-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.25259\/NMJI_634_21","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus infection among women with and without invasive cervical cancer: Findings from a hospital-based study in Bihar, India","volume":"37","author":"Pankaj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"R14-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02504-y","article-title":"Patterns in the prevalence and wealth-based inequality of cervical cancer screening in India","volume":"23","author":"Muthuramalingam","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"R15-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-02043-y","article-title":"Barriers to uptake of cervical cancer screening services in low-and-middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Petersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"R16-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-02967-7","article-title":"A population based study on human papillomavirus infection and associated risk factors among women of the remote South Andaman Island, India","volume":"24","author":"Parvez","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"R17-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2024.1772","article-title":"Prevalence of human papilloma virus infection and risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among female sex workers in Mumbai, India","volume":"18","author":"Pahwa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"key":"R18-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11529-7","article-title":"Unveiling the burden of human papillomavirus infection and risk factors among Indigenous women in Mizoram, Northeast India","volume":"25","author":"Colney","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R19-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.ijcm_190_24","article-title":"Assessing High-Risk HPV Infection Rates in Females Undergoing Cervical Cancer Screening in Western India Using HPV-DNA Testing","volume":"50","author":"Shah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"R20-20260713","first-page":"543","article-title":"Prevalence of high-risk HPV among women with abnormal cervical cytology: A North Indian cross-sectional study","volume":"65","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"R21-20260713","first-page":"45","article-title":"High-risk HPV positivity patterns in women with ASCUS\/LSIL\/HSIL in Western India: A molecular correlation study","volume":"73","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol India"},{"key":"R22-20260713","first-page":"70","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of Pap smear for HPV-related cervical lesions in South India: A hospital-based original study","volume":"39","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cytol"},{"key":"R23-20260713","first-page":"e99960","article-title":"Effectiveness and Acceptability of Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid as a Screening Test for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia","volume":"17","author":"Theeparuban","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R24-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dju009","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dju009","article-title":"Effect of VIA screening by primary health workers: randomized controlled study in Mumbai, India","volume":"106","author":"Shastri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"R25-20260713","first-page":"112","article-title":"Accuracy of VIA for CIN2+ detection in Northern India: A prospective original research study","volume":"23","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"R26-20260713","first-page":"102258","article-title":"Predictive value of high-risk HPV for cytologic abnormalities: An updated Indian meta-analysis (2022)","volume":"80","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"R27-20260713","first-page":"e0293112","article-title":"Combined HPV testing and VIA triage improves cervical cancer detection rates: Evidence from a multicentric Indian cohort","volume":"19","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R28-20260713","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmmb.2022.09.004","article-title":"HPV genotype prevalence in Indian women with cervical disease and estimated impact of HPV vaccines","volume":"43","author":"Mudhigeti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R29-20260713","first-page":"3932110","article-title":"Burden and associated genotype patterns of high-risk human papilloma virus infection and cervical cytology abnormalities among women in Central India","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2022"},{"key":"R30-20260713","first-page":"e35227","article-title":"Genotypic diversity of human papillomavirus (HPV) types and its prevalence with cervical cancer (CC) in Central India","volume":"15","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"}],"container-title":["Journal of Mid-life Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/jmh.jmh_378_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T09:00:13Z","timestamp":1783933213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/jmh.jmh_378_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jmh.jmh_378_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0976-7800","0976-7819"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0976-7800","type":"print"},{"value":"0976-7819","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-29","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-08","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}