{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:58:55Z","timestamp":1790330335714,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n \n This study aims to calculate the distribution of linear energy transfer (\n LET<\/jats:italic>\n ) and its moments such as fluence-averaged\n LET<\/jats:italic>\n (\n LET<\/jats:italic>\n f<\/jats:sub>\n ) and dose-averaged\n LET<\/jats:italic>\n (\n LET<\/jats:italic>\n d<\/jats:sub>\n ) as a function of on-axis depth in water for monoenergetic carbon-ion beams with energies ranging from 80 to 480 MeV\/u.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Depth-dose profiles,\n LET<\/jats:italic>\n distributions,\n LET<\/jats:italic>\n f<\/jats:sub>\n , and\n LET<\/jats:italic>\n d<\/jats:sub>\n are calculated as a function of on-axis depth in a 40 cm \u00d7 40 cm \u00d7 40 cm unit-density liquid water phantom using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code, fully incorporating the contributions of primary ions and all secondary charged fragments.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Results show that both\n LET<\/jats:italic>\n f<\/jats:sub>\n and\n LET<\/jats:italic>\n d<\/jats:sub>\n increase with depth and reach a maximum near the Bragg peak region, followed by a rapid fall-off in the distal region as the fluence of heavy ion fragments decreases. Higher beam energies result in deeper\n LET<\/jats:italic>\n peaks and more pronounced fragmentation tails in the depth-dose profiles. In the Bragg peak region, depending on beam energy, the\n LET<\/jats:italic>\n f<\/jats:sub>\n and\n LET<\/jats:italic>\n d<\/jats:sub>\n values are in the range of 11.7\u2013106.4 keV\/mm and 210.7\u2013384.6 keV\/mm, respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n Overall, the results provide a comprehensive characterization of physical and radiobiological parameters for monoenergetic carbon-ion beams in the therapeutic energy range, essential for benchmarking\n LET<\/jats:italic>\n -based RBE models, improving treatment plan robustness, and optimizing biological dose delivery in carbon-ion radiotherapy.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jmp.jmp_140_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:01:48Z","timestamp":1790168508000},"page":"513-524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["FLUKA Monte Carlo-based Evaluation of Linear Energy Transfer Distributions for Monoenergetic Therapeutic Carbon-ion Beams in Water"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Arghya","family":"Chattaraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Health, Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. 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