{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:37:44Z","timestamp":1787071064494,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present article deals with investigating the effects of tissue heterogeneity consideration on the dose distribution of\n                      <jats:sup>192<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ir and\n                      <jats:sup>60<\/jats:sup>\n                      Co sources in high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A Monte Carlo N-Particle 5 (MCNP5) code was developed for the simulation of the dose distribution in homogeneous and heterogeneous phantoms for cervical cancer patients. The phantoms represented water-equivalent and human body-equivalent tissues. Treatment data for a patient undergoing HDR-BT with a\n                      <jats:sup>192<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ir source were used as a reference for validation, and for\n                      <jats:sup>60<\/jats:sup>\n                      Co, AAPM Task Group 43 methodology was also applied. The dose values were calculated for both source types in the phantoms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results showed a good agreement between the calculated dose in the homogeneous phantom and the real patient\u2019s treatment data, with a relative difference of less than 5% for both sources. However, when comparing the absorbed doses at critical points such as Point A right, Point A left, Point B right, Point B left, bladder International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement (ICRU) point, and recto-vaginal ICRU point, the study revealed significant percentage differences (approximately 5.85% to 12.02%) between the homogeneous and heterogeneous setups for both\n                      <jats:sup>192<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ir and\n                      <jats:sup>60<\/jats:sup>\n                      Co sources. The analysis of dose\u2013volume histograms (DVH) indicated that organs at risk, notably the rectum and bladder, still received doses within recommended limits.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study concludes that\n                      <jats:sup>60<\/jats:sup>\n                      Co and\n                      <jats:sup>192<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ir sources can be effectively used in HDR-BT, provided that careful consideration is given to tissue heterogeneity effects during treatment planning to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jmp.jmp_162_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T09:26:38Z","timestamp":1719912398000},"page":"294-303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessing Heterogeneity Effects on Points A, B, and Organs at Risk Doses in High-dose-Rate Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer \u2013 A Comparison of 192Ir and 60Co Sources Using Monte Carlo N-Particle 5"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sedigheh","family":"Sina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran"},{"name":"Radiation Research Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Soleimani","family":"Meigooni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation, Medicine UK Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21820","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2024","volume":"74","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"R2-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002108","article-title":"Cancer statistics in China and United States, 2022:Profiles, trends, and determinants","volume":"135","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"R3-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.5114\/jcb.2020.94586","article-title":"Evaluation of rectal volume correlation with dosimetric parameters during optimized intracavitary high-dose-rate brachytherapy in cervical cancer","volume":"12","author":"Shahbazian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Contemp Brachytherapy"},{"key":"R4-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-11-132-809","article-title":"A dosage system for use in the treatment of cancer of the uterine cervix","volume":"11","author":"Tod","year":"1938","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"R6-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4749","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194749","article-title":"Comparative analysis of 60co and 192ir sources in high dose rate brachytherapy for cervical cancer","volume":"14","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"R8-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-9485.2011.02272.x","article-title":"A comparison of ICRU point doses and volumetric doses of organs at risk (OARs) in brachytherapy for cervical cancer","volume":"55","author":"Vinod","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"R9-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-6203.39417","article-title":"Dosimetric evaluation of rectum and bladder using image-based CT planning and orthogonal radiographs with ICRU 38 recommendations in intracavitary brachytherapy","volume":"33","author":"Jamema","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Phys"},{"key":"R10-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brachy.2007.02.123","article-title":"Comparison of ICRU reference point rectal and bladder doses and 3D volumetric parameters for high-dose-rate (HDR) tandem and ovoid brachytherapy based on 2D versus 3D planning","volume":"6","author":"Nixon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brachytherapy"},{"key":"R11-20240906","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brachy.2011.07.003","article-title":"American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix. 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