{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:26:54Z","timestamp":1787776014582,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When exact information regarding the treatment head and initial electron beam is available, the Monte Carlo (MC) approach can properly simulate any linear accelerator. However, manufacturers seldom offer information such as the incident electron beam\u2019s energy, radial intensity (spot size), or angular spread. This research aims to forecast these features and verify an MC-simulated linear accelerator model using measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The BEAMnrc code simulated a 6 MV photon beam from a Radixact\u2122 Tomotherapy Linac. Percentage depth dose and beam profile calculations were conducted using DOSYXZnrc by various electron energies and spot sizes and compared to measurements using a Gamma index with two distinct criterion sets. Furthermore, the fine-tuned electron energy and spot size profiles were created to minimize any disparities using distinct angle spreads. Finally, the output factors (OFs) for various field sizes were compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The MC model\u2019s fine-tuned electron energy was determined to be 5.8 MeV, with 88.6% of the calculation points passing the 1%\/1 mm\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      test. A circular radial intensity of 1.4 mm best represented the 6 MV photon beam regarding spot size. Furthermore, a mean angular spread of 0.05 reduced the disparity in cross-field profile between computation and measurement. The most considerable disparities between the MC model OFs and observations were 1.5%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using the BEAMnrc code, a reliable MC model of the Radixact\u2122 Tomotherapy Linac can be created, as shown in this paper. This model can be used to compute dose distributions with confidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jmp.jmp_29_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T04:00:09Z","timestamp":1727064009000},"page":"379-386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Monte Carlo Simulation for the Radixact\u2122 Tomotherapy Linac Using EGSnrc"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Danial Seifi","family":"Makrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran"},{"name":"Radiation Oncology Research Centre, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan Ali","family":"Nedaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran"},{"name":"Radiation Oncology Research Centre, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghazale","family":"Geraily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran"},{"name":"Radiation Oncology Research Centre, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Khorami-Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nooshin","family":"Banaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Radiation Research Center, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussam","family":"Jassim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran"},{"name":"Radiation Oncology Research Centre, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran"},{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, Euphrates Cancer Hospital, Kufa, Najaf, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260427","first-page":"e16.","article-title":"Tomotherapy as a tool in image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT): Theoretical and technological aspects","volume":"3","author":"Yartsev","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomed Imaging Interv J"},{"key":"R2-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/22666727","article-title":"Is tomotherapy the future of IMRT?","volume":"77","author":"Beavis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"R4-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-29999-8_25","article-title":"Image-guided\/adaptive radiotherapy","author":"Yan","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Technologies in Radiation Oncology"},{"key":"R5-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1159\/000322420","article-title":"Helical tomotherapy: Image-guided and adaptive radiotherapy","volume":"43","author":"Kupelian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Radiat Ther Oncol"},{"key":"R6-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R427","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/13\/R24","article-title":"History of tomotherapy","volume":"51","author":"Mackie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"R7-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1896453","article-title":"The helical tomotherapy thread effect","volume":"32","author":"Kissick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R8-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16292","article-title":"From model-based dose computation to tomotherapy","volume":"50","author":"Mackie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"R9-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3693057","article-title":"Validation of GPU based tomotherapy dose calculation engine","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"R10-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v10i1.2772","article-title":"Independent calculation of dose from a helical tomotherapy unit","volume":"10","author":"Gibbons","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"R11-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2022.11.003","article-title":"Effective clinical applications of Monte Carlo-based independent secondary dose verification software for helical tomotherapy","volume":"104","author":"Kosaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"R12-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12572","article-title":"Commissioning of the Mobius3D independent dose verification system for tomotherapy","volume":"20","author":"Kodama","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"R13-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4274\/csmedj.galenos.2021.2021-8-11","article-title":"Monte Carlo-based volumetric arc radiation therapy versus helical tomotherapy in terms of tumor control probability and normal tissue complication probability for endometrial cancers","volume":"1","author":"Can","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cam Sakura Med J"},{"key":"R14-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S748","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(21)01429-8","article-title":"Commissioning of tomotherapy treatment planning in RayStation","volume":"152","author":"Schubert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"R15-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R107","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/48\/21\/R01","article-title":"Monte Carlo modelling of external radiotherapy photon beams","volume":"48","author":"Verhaegen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"R16-20260427","first-page":"1","article-title":"Monte Carlo simulations in radiotherapy dosimetry","volume":"13","author":"Andreo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"R17-20260427","first-page":"63","article-title":"Monte Carlo techniques in radiotherapy. Phys","volume":"58","author":"Rogers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Canada"},{"key":"R18-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R75","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/11\/R75","article-title":"Monte Carlo role in radiobiological modelling of radiotherapy outcomes","volume":"57","author":"El Naqa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"R19-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncn277","article-title":"An overview of Monte Carlo treatment planning for radiotherapy","volume":"131","author":"Spezi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry"},{"key":"R20-20260427","first-page":"75","article-title":"Determination of primary electron beam parameters in a Siemens primus linac using Monte Carlo simulation","volume":"6","author":"Makrani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Archives of Advances in Biosciences"},{"key":"R21-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2013.07.013","article-title":"Simulation of Siemens ONCOR\u2122 expression linear accelerator using phase space in the MCNPX code","volume":"70","author":"Junior","year":"2014","journal-title":"Progress in Nuclear Energy"},{"key":"R22-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.12605","article-title":"Secondary monitor unit calculations for VMAT using parallelized Monte Carlo simulations","volume":"20","author":"Bhagroo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"R23-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12050","article-title":"Monte Carlo modeling of the agility MLC for IMRT and VMAT calculations","volume":"34","author":"Ohira","year":"2020","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"R24-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/851\/1\/012032","article-title":"A method for determination of parameters of the initial electron beam hitting the target in linac","volume":"851","author":"Tai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Phys Conf Ser"},{"key":"R25-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-022-02149-5","article-title":"Monte Carlo simulation of linac using PRIMO","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"R26-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpor.2019.05.002","article-title":"Determination of initial electron parameters by means of Monte Carlo simulations for the Siemens artiste linac 6 MV photon beam","volume":"24","author":"Tu\u011frul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rep Pract Oncol Radiother"},{"key":"R27-20260427","first-page":"41","article-title":"Evaluation of lung dose in esophageal cancer radiotherapy using Monte Carlo simulation","volume":"29","author":"Pourfallah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"R28-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110978.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2023.110978","article-title":"Characterization of the radiation beam of a tomotherapy equipment with MCNP","volume":"200","author":"Quispe-Huillcara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Radiat Isot"},{"key":"R29-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1639148","article-title":"Radiation characteristics of helical tomotherapy","volume":"31","author":"Jeraj","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"R30-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/8\/011","article-title":"Monte Carlo simulation of helical tomotherapy with PENELOPE","volume":"53","author":"Sterpin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"R31-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2948409","article-title":"Monte Carlo calculation of helical tomotherapy dose delivery","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"R32-20260427","first-page":"12.","article-title":"BEAMnrc users manual","volume":"509","author":"Rogers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nrc Report Pirs"},{"key":"R33-20260427","first-page":"57","article-title":"DOSXYZnrc users manual","volume":"794","author":"Walters","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nrc Report Pirs"},{"key":"R34-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598248","article-title":"A technique for the quantitative evaluation of dose distributions","volume":"25","author":"Low","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"R35-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/44\/10\/316","article-title":"Megavoltage CT on a tomotherapy system","volume":"44","author":"Ruchala","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"R36-20260427","first-page":"1","article-title":"Radixact\u00ae Physics Essentials Guide","author":"Incorporated","year":"2017"},{"key":"R37-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3668315","article-title":"Monte Carlo linear accelerator simulation of megavoltage photon beams: Independent determination of initial beam parameters","volume":"39","author":"Almberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"R38-20260427","journal-title":"Official Website of ScanDoseMatch"},{"key":"R39-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/250\/1\/012071","article-title":"Gamma dose distribution evaluation tool","volume":"250","author":"Low","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Phys Conf Ser"},{"key":"R40-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4818","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2795842","article-title":"Report of the AAPM task group no. 105: Issues associated with clinical implementation of Monte Carlo-based photon and electron external beam treatment planning","volume":"34","author":"Chetty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"R41-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2013.08.048","article-title":"A comparison of the gamma index analysis in various commercial IMRT\/VMAT QA systems","volume":"109","author":"Hussein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"R42-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1446109","article-title":"Sensitivity of megavoltage photon beam Monte Carlo simulations to electron beam and other parameters","volume":"29","author":"Sheikh-Bagheri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"R43-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/153303460800700207","article-title":"A Monte-Carlo derived dual-source model for helical tomotherapy treatment planning","volume":"7","author":"Hsiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jmp.jmp_29_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:48:00Z","timestamp":1787773680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jmp.jmp_29_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jmp.jmp_29_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-6203","1998-3913"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-6203","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3913","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-15","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-14","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}