{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:19:00Z","timestamp":1787750340513,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of the study was to investigate the dose calculation accuracy of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) control point (CP) discretisation approaches in Pinnacle and RayStation treatment planning systems (TPSs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 6MV beam model for Elekta linear accelerator with Agility head generated in Pinnacle and RayStation was used in this study. The impact of CP discretization on dose calculation was assessed using 10 prostate and ten breast VMAT plans generated in each TPS. In Pinnacle, VMAT plans were generated using both 4\u00b0 and 2\u00b0 CP gantry spacing, while RayStation plans used 2\u00b0 spacing. To assess the dosimetric differences due to CP discretization, VMAT plans from Pinnacle were recalculated in RayStation, and vice versa. The impact of CP discretization on target volume and critical structures was assessed by comparing dose volume histogram metrics. The agreement between ArcCheck-measured and TPS-calculated doses was assessed using gamma analysis with a 2%2 mm tolerance criterion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prostate and breast plans with 2\u00b0 spacing generated in Pinnacle and recalculated in RayStation showed a mean (Std Dev) target dose agreement of 1.0 (0.4)% and 0.3 (0.8)%, respectively. The similar comparison for RayStation-generated plans recalculated in Pinnacle was 0.8 (0.2)% and 2.4 (0.2)%, respectively. The ArcCheck measurements of Pinnacle-generated prostate and breast plans showed a mean gamma pass rate of 96.5 (1.2)% and 91.5 (5.2)%, respectively. Similarly, RayStation-generated prostate and breast plans had a mean gamma pass rate of 96.7 (2.3)% and 95.4 (3.7)%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CP discretization approach implemented in RayStation results in improved dose calculation accuracy of VMAT plans, particularly for plans with larger CP spacing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jmp.jmp_330_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T20:01:50Z","timestamp":1782244910000},"page":"295-306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy Control Point Discretisation on Dosimetry: A Comparative Evaluation of Two Treatment Planning Systems"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Sankar","family":"Arumugam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, Liverpool and Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centres and Ingham Institute, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, Liverpool and Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centres and Ingham Institute, New South Wales, Australia"},{"name":"School of Physics, Institute of Medical Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4345","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/14\/001","article-title":"Some considerations concerning volume-modulated arc therapy: A stepping stone towards a general theory","volume":"54","author":"Webb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"R2-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2818738","article-title":"Volumetric modulated arc therapy: IMRT in a single gantry arc","volume":"35","author":"Otto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"R3-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/34\/10\/002","article-title":"Optimisation of conformal radiotherapy dose distributions by simulated annealing","volume":"34","author":"Webb","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"R4-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/40\/9\/004","article-title":"Intensity-modulated arc therapy with dynamic multileaf collimation: An alternative to tomotherapy","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"R5-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-4296(99)80052-6","article-title":"Optimized planning using physical objectives and constraints","volume":"9","author":"Bortfeld","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"R6-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/65676879","article-title":"The physical basis of IMRT and inverse planning","volume":"76","author":"Webb","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"R7-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v11i1.3169","article-title":"Initial dosimetric evaluation of SmartArc \u2013 A novel VMAT treatment planning module implemented in a multi-vendor delivery chain","volume":"11","author":"Feygelman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"R8-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3132234","article-title":"Development and evaluation of an efficient approach to volumetric arc therapy planning","volume":"36","author":"Bzdusek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"R9-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6106","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3651698","article-title":"Impact of leaf motion constraints on IMAT plan quality, deliver accuracy, and efficiency","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"R11-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phro.2018.03.006","article-title":"Dosimetric end-to-end tests in a national audit of 3D conformal radiotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Lehmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"R13-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v17i6.6343","article-title":"Rounded leaf end modeling in pinnacle VMAT treatment planning for fixed jaw linacs","volume":"17","author":"Young","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"R14-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155006","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/ab8cd5","article-title":"A novel procedure for determining the optimal MLC configuration parameters in treatment planning systems based on measurements with a Farmer chamber","volume":"65","author":"Saez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"R15-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7404","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16016","article-title":"Challenges in modeling the agility multileaf collimator in treatment planning systems and current needs for improvement","volume":"49","author":"Hernandez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"R16-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2019.02.007","article-title":"EPID sensitivity to delivery errors for pre-treatment verification of lung SBRT VMAT plans","volume":"59","author":"Alharthi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"R17-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3075817","article-title":"A simple approach to using an amorphous silicon EPID to verify IMRT planar dose maps","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"R18-20260623","first-page":"012084","article-title":"Streamlining EPID-based IMRT quality assurance: auto-analysis and auto-report generation","volume":"489","author":"Xing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series"},{"key":"R19-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"071724","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4810964","article-title":"An algorithm to calculate a collapsed arc dose matrix in volumetric modulated arc therapy","volume":"40","author":"Arumugam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"R20-20260623","first-page":"012021","article-title":"Sensitivity of collapsed arc QA method for delivery errors in Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT)","volume":"573","author":"Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series"},{"key":"R21-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meddos.2013.04.005","article-title":"Independent calculation-based verification of IMRT plans using a 3D dose-calculation engine","volume":"38","author":"Arumugam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Dosim"},{"key":"R24-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011701","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4835435","article-title":"Direct leaf trajectory optimization for volumetric modulated arc therapy planning with sliding window delivery","volume":"41","author":"Papp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"R25-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/8\/015","article-title":"The effect of different control point sampling sequences on convergence of VMAT inverse planning","volume":"56","author":"Pardo Montero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"R26-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.12617","article-title":"Dose discrepancy between planning system estimation and measurement in spine stereotactic body radiation therapy: A case report","volume":"61","author":"Arumugam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"R27-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"071718","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4810969","article-title":"Impact of plan parameters on the dosimetric accuracy of volumetric modulated arc therapy","volume":"40","author":"Masi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"R28-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2013.08.046","article-title":"Simulation of realistic linac motion improves the accuracy of a Monte Carlo based VMAT plan QA system","volume":"109","author":"Boylan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"R29-20260623","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.02.004","article-title":"Treatment planning to improve delivery accuracy and patient throughput in helical tomotherapy","volume":"74","author":"Westerly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jmp.jmp_330_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:26:00Z","timestamp":1787747160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jmp.jmp_330_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jmp.jmp_330_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-6203","1998-3913"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-6203","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3913","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-22","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-13","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}