{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:58:53Z","timestamp":1790330333012,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of the study was to investigate photothermal heating and thermal damage in breast tumor tissue under laser irradiation in the presence of carbon dots acting as enhanced optical absorbers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A two-dimensional numerical model based on the transient bioheat transfer equation was developed by coupling radiative heat transfer and solved using the finite element method in COMSOL Multiphysics. The tumor region was modeled as a circular domain embedded within normal breast tissue. Thermal damage was quantified using the cumulative equivalent minutes at 43\u00b0C (CEM43) model. Parametric analysis was carried out to evaluate the effects of tumor absorption coefficient, carbon dot absorption coefficient, photothermal conversion efficiency, blood perfusion rate, and tumor depth on temperature evolution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Localized heating was observed within the tumor region, with peak temperatures reaching approximately 60\u00b0C after 600s of irradiation. Temperature elevation increased with increasing optical absorption and irradiation duration, whereas blood perfusion reduced thermal accumulation. Thermal damage analysis indicated that the irreversible damage threshold (CEM43 &gt;60 min) was achieved throughout the tumor region after 600s of irradiation, suggesting effective thermal destruction of tumor tissue, while damage to surrounding healthy tissue remained limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The model demonstrates that carbon dots can effectively enhance photothermal heating in tumor tissue and achieve thermal damage. The findings provide a computational framework for optimizing laser-based tumor therapy while maintaining thermal safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jmp.jmp_90_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:01:34Z","timestamp":1790168494000},"page":"494-503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Simulation Study of Carbon Dot-Assisted Photothermal Heating in Tumor Tissue"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"M. Anne","family":"Jose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Sree Kerala Varma College, Thrissur, Affiliated to the University of Calicut, Thrissur, Kerala, India"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Little Flower College (Autonomous), Guruvayur, Affiliated to the University of Calicut, Thrissur, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bindu","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Sree Kerala Varma College, Thrissur, Affiliated to the University of Calicut, Thrissur, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14092407","article-title":"A study on improving the efficacy of nanoparticle-based photothermal therapy: From nanoscale to micron scale to millimeter scale","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"R2-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085104","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/27\/8\/085104","article-title":"A multi-functional nanoplatform for tumor synergistic phototherapy","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"R3-20260925","first-page":"194","article-title":"Framework of the bio-heat transfer for laser\/cancer treatment","volume":"5","author":"Nour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Pharma Med Biol Sci"},{"key":"R4-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14194","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TB01971K","article-title":"Nanocarbon dots enhancing photothermal therapy for cancer: Mechanisms, synergistic strategies, and frontier advances","volume":"13","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"key":"R5-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00269E","article-title":"Carbon quantum dots and their applications","volume":"44","author":"Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev"},{"key":"R6-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023602","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.1023602","article-title":"Carbon dots for photothermal applications","volume":"10","author":"Balou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Chem"},{"key":"R7-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127245","article-title":"Recent advances and prospects of carbon dots in phototherapy","volume":"408","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"R8-20260925","first-page":"11","article-title":"Light-responsive nanotherapeutic carbon dots: a next generation tool for cancer phototherapy","volume":"6","author":"Jing","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Cent"},{"key":"R9-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.832.511","article-title":"COMSOL multiphysics simulation in biomedical engineering","volume":"832","author":"Adam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Mater Res"},{"key":"R10-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.10.024","article-title":"Non-fourier analysis of skin biothermomechanics","volume":"51","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Heat Mass Transf"},{"key":"R11-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3109\/02656736.2015.1032370","article-title":"Cell death, perfusion and electrical parameters are critical in models of hepatic radiofrequency ablation","volume":"31","author":"Hall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Hyperthermia"},{"key":"R12-20260925","article-title":"Analysis of Thermal Damage in Biological Tissue during External Step Heating Using Non-Fourier Bio-Heat Transfer Model \u2013 A Finite Difference Approach","author":"Acharya","year":"2022","journal-title":"IIChE-CHEMCON. (Apr. 2022)"},{"key":"R13-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3390\/nano16040279","article-title":"Finite element implementation of delta-P1 model for simulation of photothermal cancer therapy in heterogeneous tissues","volume":"16","author":"G\u00f3mez-Araque","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nanomaterials (Basel)"},{"key":"R14-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enganabound.2025.106408","article-title":"Numerical modeling of non-Fourier bioheat transfer in multilayer biological tissue using BEM to simulate dynamic thermography in skin tumor diagnostics","volume":"179","author":"Horvat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng Anal Bound Elem"},{"key":"R15-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34650","article-title":"Physical activities aid in tumor prevention: A finite element study of bio-heat transfer in healthy and malignant breast tissues","volume":"10","author":"Junaid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"R16-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/jnt3010004","article-title":"In silico, combined plasmonic photothermal and photodynamic therapy in mice","volume":"3","author":"Kareliotis","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nanotheranostics"},{"key":"R17-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10967-2","article-title":"A comprehensive modeling on thermal damage in tumor hyperthermia therapies using magneto-plasmonic nanocomposite","volume":"15","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R18-20260925","article-title":"Computational Modeling of Nanoparticle Heating for Treatment Planning of Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer","author":"Manrique-Bedoya","year":"2019","journal-title":"COMSOL Conference"},{"key":"R19-20260925","first-page":"9","article-title":"Mathematical models of bioheat transfer","volume":"22","author":"Charny","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adv Heat Transf"},{"key":"R20-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1948.1.2.93","article-title":"Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm","volume":"1","author":"Pennes","year":"1948","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"R21-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3894","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103894","article-title":"Review of thermal and physiological properties of human breast tissue","volume":"22","author":"Said Camilleri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"R22-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13549","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2232479100","article-title":"Nanoshell-mediated near-infrared thermal therapy of tumors under magnetic resonance guidance","volume":"100","author":"Hirsch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R23-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R37","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/58\/11\/R37","article-title":"Optical properties of biological tissues: A review","volume":"58","author":"Jacques","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"R24-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1997.0047","article-title":"Non-invasive measurements of breast tissue optical properties using frequency-domain photon migration","volume":"352","author":"Tromberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"R25-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051304","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3574762","article-title":"Optical properties of breast tumor phantoms containing carbon nanotubes and nanohorns","volume":"16","author":"Sarkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"R26-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35365","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c08076","article-title":"Carbon dots with absorption red-shifting for two-photon fluorescence imaging of tumor tissue pH and synergistic phototherapy","volume":"13","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"R27-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-018-0090-1","article-title":"In vivo theranostics with near-infrared-emitting carbon dots-highly efficient photothermal therapy based on passive targeting after intravenous administration","volume":"7","author":"Bao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Light Sci Appl"},{"key":"R28-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9494","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR00708E","article-title":"Nanoparticles for photothermal therapies","volume":"6","author":"Jaque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"R29-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(84)90379-1","article-title":"Thermal dose determination in cancer therapy","volume":"10","author":"Sapareto","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"R30-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/0265673031000119006","article-title":"Basic principles of thermal dosimetry and thermal thresholds for tissue damage from hyperthermia","volume":"19","author":"Dewhirst","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Hyperthermia"},{"key":"R31-20260925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.01.011","article-title":"Synthesis of carbon-dots@SiO(2)@TiO(2) nanoplatform for photothermal imaging induced multimodal synergistic antitumor","volume":"23","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Adv Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Physics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jmp.jmp_90_26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:00:52Z","timestamp":1790326852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jmp.jmp_90_26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jmp.jmp_90_26","relation":{},"ISSN":["0971-6203","1998-3913"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0971-6203","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-3913","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-22","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-31","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}