{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:24:09Z","timestamp":1787772249162,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Computed tomography (CT) imaging has a large portion in the dose of patients from radiological procedures; therefore, accurate calculation of radiation risk estimation in this modality is inevitable. In this study, a method for determining the patient-specific effective dose using the dose\u2013length product (DLP) index in lung CT scan using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is introduced.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n EGSnrc\/BEAMnrc MC code was used to simulate a CT scanner. The DOSxyznrc simulation code was used to simulate a specific voxelized phantom from the patient\u2019s lungs and irradiate it according to X-ray parameter of routing lung CT scan, and dose delivered to thorax organs was calculated. Three types of phantoms were simulated according to three different body habits (slim, standard, and fat patients) in two groups of men and women. A factor was used to convert the relative dose per particle in MC code to the absolute dose. The dose was calculated in all lung organs, and the effective dose was calculated for all three groups of patient body habits. DLP index and volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) were extracted from the patient\u2019s dose report in the CT scanner. The DLP to effective dose conversion factor (k-factor) for patients with different body habitus was calculated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Lung radiation dose in slim, standard, and fat patients in men was 0.164, 0.103, and 0.078 mGy\/mAs and in women was 0.164, 0.105, and 0.079 mGy\/mAs, respectively. The k-factor in the group of slim patients, especially in women, was higher than in other groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n CT scan dose indexes for slim patients are reported to be underestimated in studies. The dose report in CT scan systems should be modified in proportion to the patient\u2019s body habitus, to accurately estimate the radiation risk.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jmss.jmss_53_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T07:02:15Z","timestamp":1713510135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patient-specific Effective Dose Estimation from Dose\u2013Length Product in Lung Computed Tomography Using Monte Carlo Simulation"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Fallahmohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab Kordzini","family":"Nodeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Mahdavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v12i4.3589","article-title":"Patient-specific CT dosimetry calculation: A feasibility study","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"R2-20240830"},{"key":"R3-20240830","first-page":"289","article-title":"Volume computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) and size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) for tube current modulation (TCM) in CT scanning","volume":"16","author":"Anam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Res"},{"key":"R4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R29","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/51\/13\/R03","article-title":"X-ray computed tomography","volume":"51","author":"Kalender","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"R6-20240830"},{"key":"R7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/25922439","article-title":"Effective dose: How should it be applied to medical exposures?","volume":"80","author":"Martin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"R8-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10100297","article-title":"Volume CT dose index and dose-length product displayed during CT: What good are they?","volume":"258","author":"Huda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R9-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3462","article-title":"Estimating effective dose for CT using dose-length product compared with using organ doses: Consequences of adopting International Commission on Radiological Protection publication 103 or dual-energy scanning","volume":"194","author":"Christner","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"R11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2020.05.001","article-title":"Estimation of size-specific dose estimates (SSDE) for paediatric and adults patients based on a single slice","volume":"74","author":"Abuhaimed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Med"},{"key":"R12-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2019.02.014","article-title":"Increasing organ dose accuracy through voxel phantom organ matching with individual patient anatomy","volume":"159","author":"Borbinha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiat Phys Chem"},{"key":"R13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.18869\/acadpub.ijrr.14.4.313","article-title":"Thorax organ dose estimation in computed tomography based on patient CT data using Monte Carlo simulation","volume":"14","author":"Fallah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Res"},{"key":"R15-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012003","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/102\/1\/012003","article-title":"A graphical user interface for calculation of 3D dose distribution using Monte Carlo simulations","volume":"102","author":"Chow","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Phys Conf Series"},{"key":"R17-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-393","article-title":"Low-dose CT scan screening for lung cancer: comparison of images and radiation doses between low-dose CT and follow-up standard diagnostic CT","volume":"2","author":"Ono","year":"2013","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"R18-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncr160","article-title":"WAZA-ARI: computational dosimetry system for X-ray CT examinations. 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