{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:41:50Z","timestamp":1787071310681,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies have utilized ultrasonography (US) to dynamically evaluate Kager\u2019s and infrapatellar fat pads. However, limited research has focused on the dynamic assessment of the posterior fat pad of the elbow joint, and its correlation with elbow pain remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the gliding of the posterior elbow fat pad in healthy patients using US.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>US was performed on 40 healthy patients. The patients were placed in a sitting position with the upper limb on the bed; they performed an automatic movement from 90\u00b0 flexion to full extension of the elbow joint for 2 s following a fixed rhythm using a digital timer. Moving images of the fat pad gliding were analyzed for the direction of movement and gliding velocity using particle image velocimetry. Statistical analyses were performed using Friedman test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The posterior fat pad glided into the olecranon fossa within the range of 0%\u201350% elbow extension. At 50% extension, the posterior fat pad showed a proximal posterior direction of movement. A significant increase in sliding velocity was observed from 0% to 50% extension (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). No significant differences were observed between 50% and 75% extensions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results indicate that the velocity and direction of gliding of the fat pad behind the elbow joint in healthy patients vary with changes in the elbow joint extension angle. US proves to be a valuable tool for evaluating the posterior elbow fat pad.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jmu.jmu_19_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T02:00:11Z","timestamp":1734660011000},"page":"222-227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of the Gliding of Posterior Elbow Fat Pad Using Ultrasonography and Particle Image Velocimetry"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Takeyuki","family":"Kato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Science, Tokyo Ariake University of Medical and Health Science, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Science, Tokyo Ariake University of Medical and Health Science, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Kubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Science, Tokyo Ariake University of Medical and Health Science, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroto","family":"Kobune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Science, Tokyo Ariake University of Medical and Health Science, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norihumi","family":"Sadamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, AR-Ex Oyamadai Orthopedic Clinic Tokyo Arthroscopy Center, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Science, Tokyo Ariake University of Medical and Health Science, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E125","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.334125059","article-title":"US of the elbow: Indications, technique, normal anatomy, and pathologic conditions","volume":"33","author":"Konin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"R2-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.06.021","article-title":"Ultrasound parameters other than the direct measurement of ulnar nerve size for diagnosing cubital tunnel syndrome: A systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R3-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10090645","article-title":"Artifacts in musculoskeletal ultrasonography: From physics to clinics","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"R4-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/RUQ.0000000000000377","article-title":"Positioning techniques to improve the ultrasound evaluation of the elbow","volume":"35","author":"Mezian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Q"},{"key":"R5-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2008.08.002","article-title":"Gliding distance of the extensor pollicis longus tendon with respect to wrist positioning: Observation in the hands of healthy volunteers using high-resolution ultrasonography","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"key":"R6-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2017.12.004","article-title":"Ultrasound assessment of extensor pollicis brevis tendon excursion in different wrist positions in healthy people","volume":"32","author":"Kelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"key":"R7-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.09.011","article-title":"Relationship between gliding and lateral femoral pain in patients with trochanteric fracture","volume":"101","author":"Kawanishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R8-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3842","DOI":"10.3390\/s22103842","article-title":"Relationship between tissue gliding of the lateral thigh and gait parameters after trochanteric fractures","volume":"22","author":"Kawanishi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"R9-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12995","article-title":"The characteristics of the lobular arrangement indicate the dynamic role played by the infrapatellar fat pad in knee kinematics","volume":"235","author":"Macchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"R10-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.14635","article-title":"Wrist and hand ultrasound: Reliability of side-to-side comparisons of very small (<2-mm) clinically relevant anatomic structures","volume":"37","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"R11-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.14911","article-title":"Ankle and foot ultrasound: Reliability of side-to-side comparison of small anatomic structures","volume":"38","author":"Rossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"R12-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-016-2416-5","article-title":"Ultrasound diagnosis and percutaneous treatment of Achilles tendon tethering: A case series","volume":"45","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"issue":"A","key":"R13-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-194931030-00010","article-title":"Changes in elastic adipose tissue","volume":"31","author":"Kuhns","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"R14-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00510.x","article-title":"The functional anatomy of kager's fat pad in relation to retrocalcaneal problems and other hindfoot disorders","volume":"208","author":"Theobald","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"R15-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20900","article-title":"Quantifying the motion of kager's fat pad","volume":"27","author":"Ghazzawi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"R16-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-019-05585-1","article-title":"Pressure changes in the kager fat pad at the extremes of ankle motion suggest a potential role in Achilles tendinopathy","volume":"28","author":"Malagelada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"R17-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0127811","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127811","article-title":"Inflammatory and metabolic alterations of kager's fat pad in chronic Achilles tendinopathy","volume":"10","author":"Pingel","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R18-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-004-0561-1","article-title":"Infrapatellar fat pad pressure and volume changes of the anterior compartment during knee motion: Possible clinical consequences to the anterior knee pain syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Bohnsack","year":"2005","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"R19-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10396-018-0917-7","article-title":"Use of ultrasonography to evaluate the dynamics of the infrapatellar fat pad after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A feasibility study","volume":"46","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Ultrason (2001)"},{"key":"R20-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2018.01.008","article-title":"Ultrasound evaluation of infrapatellar fat pad impingement: An exploratory prospective study","volume":"25","author":"Mikkilineni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"R21-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-016-3647-4","article-title":"Sonographic characterization of Hoffa's fat pad. A pilot study","volume":"37","author":"Vera-P\u00e9rez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"R22-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1148\/124.3.659","article-title":"Elbow fat pads with new signs and extended differential diagnosis","volume":"124","author":"Murphy","year":"1977","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"R23-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-014-2018-z","article-title":"Three-tesla MR imaging of the elbow in non-symptomatic professional baseball pitchers","volume":"44","author":"Del Grande","year":"2015","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"R24-20250919","first-page":"121646","article-title":"An unusual Cause of posterior elbow impingement: Detachment of a hypertrophied posterior fat pad","author":"Hamada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep Orthop 2015"},{"key":"R25-20250919","first-page":"30","article-title":"A case report of arthroscopic intervention for posterior elbow impingement due to locking of fat pad in the olecranon fossa","volume":"10","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Case Rep"},{"key":"R26-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk6030068","article-title":"Difference in movement between superficial and deep parts of the infrapatellar fat pad during knee extension","volume":"6","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Funct Morphol Kinesiol"},{"key":"R27-20250919","first-page":"22","article-title":"The subanconeus muscle","volume":"65","author":"Tubbs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Folia Morphol (Warsz)"},{"key":"R28-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2019.10.019","article-title":"Movement and volume of infrapatellar fat pad and knee kinematics during quasi-static knee extension at 30 and 0 flexion in young healthy individuals","volume":"27","author":"Okita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Knee"},{"key":"R29-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20467","article-title":"Intra-articular inclusions of the elbow joint complex","volume":"20","author":"Mercer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"R30-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4103\/JMU.JMU_15_17","article-title":"Ultrasonographic morphological changes in the prefemoral fat pad associated with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"26","author":"Shibata","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Ultrasound"},{"key":"R31-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4103\/JMU.JMU_85_20","article-title":"Hyperechoic and low morphological changes in the prefemoral fat pad in individuals with knee osteoarthritis based on ultrasonographic findings","volume":"29","author":"Shibata","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Ultrasound"},{"key":"R32-20250919","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13943","article-title":"Does the articularis cubiti muscle really exist? Anatomical, histological, and magnetic resonance imaging study with a narrative review of literature","volume":"244","author":"Benes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Anat"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Ultrasound"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jmu.jmu_19_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:44:26Z","timestamp":1787067866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jmu.jmu_19_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jmu.jmu_19_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-6441","2212-1552"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-6441","type":"print"},{"value":"2212-1552","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-12","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-24","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}