{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:15:33Z","timestamp":1789755333528,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Thoracic outlet syndrome is a rare neurovascular disease, usually caused by compression of subclavian vessels and\/or brachial plexus by a cervical rib or hypertrophic scalene muscles. When the subclavian artery is compressed, it can cause perfusion deficiency with cyanosis and greater fatigue of the upper limb; if the subclavian vein is compressed, it can cause venous congestion with swelling and pain in the upper limb. When compression affects the brachial plexus, it can cause tingling or paresthesia of the upper limb. It can be mono or bilateral, congenital, or acquired. The diagnosis of vascular alterations is difficult due to the rarity, poor knowledge, and nonspecificity of symptoms. Ultrasound allows to localize and measure the vascular stenosis degree. Failure to diagnose can expose patients to serious health risks. We describe a rare case of venous compression caused by anterior scalene muscle hypertrophy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/jmu.jmu_219_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T02:30:15Z","timestamp":1687314615000},"page":"150-153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Role of Ultrasound in Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Lesson Based on a Case Report"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Vasile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, Radiodiagnostic and Radiotherapy Unit, Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Farina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, Radiodiagnostic and Radiotherapy Unit, Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro Valerio","family":"Foti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, Radiodiagnostic and Radiotherapy Unit, Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Basile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, Radiodiagnostic and Radiotherapy Unit, Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-019-0124-2","article-title":"Thoracic outlet syndrome:A comprehensive review of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"8","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"R2-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14778","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014778","article-title":"Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome caused by cervical ribs-an unusual case report","volume":"98","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"R3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507312166","article-title":"Exercise-induced scalenus syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Baltopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"R4-20240830","first-page":"281","article-title":"Thoracic-outlet syndrome:Evaluation of a therapeutic exercise program","volume":"31","author":"Peet","year":"1956","journal-title":"Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin"},{"key":"R5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2016-0051","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of clinical diagnostic tests for thoracic outlet syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Hixson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"key":"R6-20240830","first-page":"1305","article-title":"Role of anterior scalene muscle hypertrophy in thoracic outlet syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Bortolani","year":"1989","journal-title":"Minerva Chir"},{"key":"R7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-020-00202-6","article-title":"The role of ultrasound imaging in vascular compression syndromes","volume":"13","author":"Farina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound J"},{"key":"R8-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-08324-8","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted MR neurography as an adjunct to conventional MRI for the assessment of brachial plexus pathology","volume":"32","author":"Kwee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"R9-20240830","first-page":"55","article-title":"Conservative treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome. A review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Vanti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eura Medicophys"},{"key":"R10-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2019.01.023","article-title":"Local anesthetic block of the anterior scalene muscle increases muscle height in patients with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome","volume":"59","author":"Weaver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"key":"R11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-019-00418-w","article-title":"Thoracic outlet syndrome:A rare case with bilateral cervical ribs and bilateral anterior scalene hypertrophy","volume":"24","author":"Farina","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ultrasound"},{"key":"R12-20240830","first-page":"e932035","article-title":"Stylo-Jugular venous compression syndrome:Lessons based on a case report","volume":"22","author":"Farina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Ultrasound"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jmu.jmu_219_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:15:42Z","timestamp":1787771742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jmu.jmu_219_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jmu.jmu_219_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0929-6441","2212-1552"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0929-6441","type":"print"},{"value":"2212-1552","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-17","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-29","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}