{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:22:40Z","timestamp":1787757760921,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background and Aims:<\/jats:title>\n To compare the sedoanalgesic effects of dexmedetomidine alone or with combination of ketamine.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Material and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n After getting ethical approval and informed patient consent, 60 adult surgical patients, were randomly divided into two groups. Group KD (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 30); received dexmedotomidine 0.5 \u03bcg\/kg\/h mixed with ketamine 0.5 \u03bcg\/kg\/h and Group DEX (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 30); received dexmedotomidine at 0.5 mg\/kg\/h infusion only. In both the groups, study drugs were titrated (dexmedetomidine- 0.2-0.7 \u03bcg\/kg\/h and ketamine 0.2-0.7 mg\/kg\/h) to achieve target sedation. Hemodynamic variables, pain scores, sedation scores, and patient satisfaction were recorded. Qualitative and Quantitative data were analyzed with Pearson Chi-squared test and analysis of variance test, respectively. All analyses were done by using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 16.0.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Pain scores were higher in group DEX than in group KD at 2 h and 4 h which was statistically significant (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). At the end of 2 h, sedation scores were higher in group KD than in group DEX and was statistically significant (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). Length of intensive care unit stay was almost comparable in both groups, and the time to tracheal extubation was lesser in ketamine-dexmedetomidine group as compared to the dexmedetomidine alone group. However the difference was statistically non-significant.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n By combining dexmedetomidine with ketamine we observed lower incidence of hypotension and bradycardia. Dexmedetomidine with ketamine combination therapy could be used safely and effectively as sedo-analgesic agent.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.joacp_234_19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T08:45:56Z","timestamp":1651221956000},"page":"68-72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A comparative study of sedo-analgesic effect of dexmedetomidine and dexmedetomidine with ketamine in postoperative mechanically ventilated patients"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Bikram K.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanita R.","family":"Mhaske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal Krishna","family":"Pai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speciality Registrar, Department of Anaesthesiology, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple, Devon, England"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.D.","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200201000-00020","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult","volume":"30","author":"Jacobi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000127263.54807.79","article-title":"Daily interruption of sedative infusions and complications of critical illness in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"32","author":"Schweickert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2193-9","article-title":"Severe agitation among ventilated medical intensive care unit patients:Frequency, characteristics and outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Woods","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/68.2.123","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine \u2013A powerful new adjunct to anaesthesia?","volume":"68","author":"Peden","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.4.5.619","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine:Sedation, analgesia and beyond","volume":"4","author":"Chrysostomou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Opin Dug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"R6-20240828","first-page":"449","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation","volume":"57","author":"Green","year":"2011","journal-title":"2011 update. Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"R7-20240828","first-page":"812","article-title":"Continuous intravenous infusion for ketamine for maintainence sedation","volume":"77","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Minnerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"R8-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200110000-00044","article-title":"The synergistic antinociceptive interactions of endomorphin-1 with dexmedetomidine and\/or S(+)-ketamine in rats","volume":"93","author":"Horvath","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/87.5.684","article-title":"Comparison between dexmedetomidine and propofol for sedation in the intensive care unit:Patient and clinician perceptions","volume":"87","author":"Venn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200208000-00042","article-title":"The efficacy, side effects, and recovery characteristics of dexmedetomidine versus propofol when used for intraoperative sedation","volume":"95","author":"Arain","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R11-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(98)00068-3","article-title":"Oral clonidine for sedation and analgesia in a burn patient","volume":"10","author":"Kariya","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"R12-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(00)70102-8","article-title":"Predictors of adverse events with intramuscular ketamine sedation in children","volume":"35","author":"Green","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"R13-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BCR.0000204310.67594.A1","article-title":"Ketamine:A safe and effective agent for painful procedures in the pediatric burn patient","volume":"27","author":"Owens","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res"},{"key":"R14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BCR.0000200910.76019.CF","article-title":"Sedation using dexmedetomidine in pediatric burn patients","volume":"27","author":"Walker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res"},{"key":"R15-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000293867.05857.90","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine in aesthetic facial surgery:Improving anesthetic safety and efficacy","volume":"121","author":"Taghinia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R16-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000093225.39866.75","article-title":"The efficacy of dexmedetomidine versus morphine for postoperative analgesia after major in patient surgery","volume":"98","author":"Arain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R17-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(00)70102-8","article-title":"Predictors of adverse events with intramuscular ketamine sedation in children","volume":"35","author":"Green","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_234_19","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:52:33Z","timestamp":1787755953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_234_19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/joacp.joacp_234_19","relation":{},"ISSN":["2231-2730","0970-9185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2231-2730","type":"print"},{"value":"0970-9185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-07-25","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-02","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}