{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:18:47Z","timestamp":1790713127729,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cervical sympathetic or stellate ganglion blocks (SGBs) have been commonly used in the treatment of painful conditions like complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). However, there is literature to suggest its utility in managing non-painful conditions as well. The focus of this literature review is to provide an overview of indications for SGB for painful and non-painful conditions. We identified published journal articles in the past 25 years from Embase and PubMed databases with the keywords \u201ccervical sympathetic block, stellate ganglion blocks, cervical sympathetic chain, and cervical sympathetic trunk\u201d. A total of 1556 articles were obtained from a literature search among which 311 articles were reviewed. Among painful conditions, there is a lack of evidence in favor of or against the use of SGB for CRPS despite its common use. SGB can provide postoperative analgesia in selective surgeries and can be effective in temporary pain control of refractory angina and the acute phase of herpes zoster infection. Among non-painful conditions, SGB may have beneficial effects on the management of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), refractory ventricular arrhythmias, hot flashes in postmenopausal women, and breast cancer\u2013related lymphedema. Additionally, there have been various case reports illustrating the benefits of SGB in the management of cerebral vasospasm, upper limb erythromelalgia, thalamic and central post-stroke pain, palmar hyperhidrosis, orofacial pain, etc. In our review of literature, we found that SGB can be useful in the management of various non-painful conditions beyond the well-known treatment for CRPS, although further studies are required to prove its efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.joacp_304_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T22:00:51Z","timestamp":1683842451000},"page":"185-191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Stellate ganglion block beyond chronic pain: A literature review on its application in painful and non-painful conditions"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Heena","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manikandan","family":"Rajarathinam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-007-8018-6","article-title":"The sympathetic nervous system and pain","volume":"10","author":"Schlereth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med"},{"key":"R2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-019-00612-0","article-title":"Complex regional pain syndrome:A focus on the autonomic nervous system","volume":"29","author":"Knudsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"R3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.04.030","article-title":"Validation of proposed diagnostic criteria (the \u201cbudapest Criteria\u201d) for complex regional pain syndrome","volume":"150","author":"Harden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-020-00904-5","article-title":"Interventional modalities to treat complex regional pain syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Wie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"R5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000134661.46658.B0","article-title":"Cortical reorganization during recovery from complex regional pain syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Maih\u00f6fner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R6-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E637","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2014\/17\/E637","article-title":"Case study local anesthetic sympathectomy restores FMRI cortical maps in CRPS I after upper extremity stellate blockade:A prospective case study","volume":"17","author":"Enax-Krumova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"R7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199809000-00008","article-title":"Analysis of peak magnitude and duration of analgesia produced by local anesthetics injected into sympathetic ganglia of complex regional pain syndrome patients","volume":"14","author":"Price","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"R8-20240828","first-page":"CD004598","article-title":"Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome","author":"O'Connell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016"},{"key":"R9-20240828","first-page":"193","article-title":"The effects of stellate ganglion block with lidocaine and ultrasound in complex regional pain syndrome:A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Aydemir","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rheumatol Med Rehabil"},{"key":"R10-20240828","first-page":"153","article-title":"Determination of the analgesic efficacy of the stellate ganglion blockade in the alleviation of pain mediated by the sympathetic nervous system in patients with complex regional pain syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Revista Colombiana de Anestesiolog\u00eda"},{"key":"R11-20240828","first-page":"1194","article-title":"Block of ganglion stellatum on improving edema and range of movement in shoulder-hand syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Zheng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"R12-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12033","article-title":"Complex regional pain syndrome:Practical diagnostic and treatment guidelines, 4th edition","volume":"14","author":"Harden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med (United States)"},{"key":"R13-20240828","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block combined with extracorporeal shock wave therapy on postherpetic neuralgia","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Healthc Eng 2022"},{"key":"R14-20240828","first-page":"467","article-title":"Effect of early stellate ganglion blockade for facial pain from acute Herpes Zoster and Incidence of postherpetic neuralgia","volume":"15","author":"Makharita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"R15-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2017.30.1.3","article-title":"Effects of applying nerve blocks to prevent postherpetic neuralgia in patients with acute herpes zoster:A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"R16-20240828","first-page":"87103","article-title":"Long-term benefits of stellate ganglion block in severe chronic refractory angina","author":"Chester","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"R17-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2019.05.019","article-title":"Case series of left stellate ganglion blocks for refractory angina pectoris:14 years later and still efficacious","volume":"58","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"key":"R18-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2005.02.016","article-title":"Temporary sympathectomy in the treatment of chronic refractory angina","volume":"30","author":"Moore","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"key":"R19-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/2049463714549775","article-title":"Temporary sympathectomy in chronic refractory angina:A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Denby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Pain"},{"key":"R20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ytab184","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytab184","article-title":"Chronic refractory angina pectoris treated by bilateral stereotactic radiosurgical stellate ganglion ablation:First-in-man case report","volume":"5","author":"Hudec","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Case Rep"},{"key":"R21-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2011.06626.x","article-title":"Stellate ganglion blockade for analgesia following upper limb surgery","volume":"66","author":"McDonnell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R22-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.12774","article-title":"Analgesic efficacy of pre-operative stellate ganglion block on postoperative pain relief:A randomised controlled trial","volume":"69","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R23-20240828","first-page":"e379","article-title":"Effects of ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block on acute pain after arthroscopic shoulder surgery","volume":"18","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"R24-20240828","first-page":"879","article-title":"Preincisional ipsilateral stellate ganglion block for acute post operative pain control in unilateral mastectomy","volume":"27","author":"Agamohamdi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"R25-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599819889688","article-title":"Preoperative stellate ganglion block for perioperative pain in lateralized head and neck cancer:Preliminary results","volume":"162","author":"Sharbel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R26-20240828","first-page":"20227","article-title":"Cervical sympathetic blockade in a patient with post-traumatic stress disorder:A case report","author":"Lipov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"R27-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2010.00373.x","article-title":"The use of stellate ganglion block in the treatment of panic\/anxiety symptoms with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder;preliminary results of long-term follow-up:A case series","volume":"10","author":"Mulvaney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"R28-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-14-00151","article-title":"Stellate ganglion block used to treat symptoms associated with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder:A case series of 166 patients","volume":"179","author":"Mulvaney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"R30-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12503","article-title":"Stellate ganglion block in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder:A review of historical and recent literature","volume":"17","author":"Summers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Practice"},{"key":"R31-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3474","article-title":"Effect of stellate ganglion block treatment on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms:A randomized clinical trial","volume":"77","author":"Rae","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"R32-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.04.011","article-title":"Sympathetic system modulation to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD):A review of clinical evidence and neurobiology","volume":"142","author":"Lipov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"R33-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.01.009","article-title":"A unifying theory linking the prolonged efficacy of the stellate ganglion block for the treatment of chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS), hot flashes, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","volume":"72","author":"Lipov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"R34-20240828","first-page":"S29","article-title":"Assessment of ventricular electrophysiological characteristics at periinfarct zone of postmyocardial infarction in rabbits following stellate ganglion block","volume":"23","author":"Gu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"R35-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2017.06.006","article-title":"Efficacy of stellate ganglion blockade in managing electrical storm:A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Meng","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"R36-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.13324","article-title":"Stellate ganglion blockade for the treatment of refractory ventricular arrhythmias:A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Fudim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"R37-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2019.12.017","article-title":"Stellate ganglion blockade for the treatment of refractory ventricular arrhythmias","volume":"6","author":"Fudim","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Clin Electrophysiol"},{"key":"R38-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007118","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.118.007118","article-title":"Effective use of percutaneous stellate ganglion blockade in patients with electrical storm","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"R39-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb30316.x","article-title":"Hot flashes:Epidemiology and physiology","volume":"592","author":"Kronenberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"R40-20240828","first-page":"CD002978","article-title":"Oral oestrogen and combined oestrogen\/progestogen therapy versus placebo for hot flushes","volume":"2009","author":"MacLennan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R41-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2005.14.737","article-title":"Stellate ganglion blockade provides relief from menopausal hot flashes:A case report series","volume":"14","author":"Lipov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"key":"R42-20240828","first-page":"41","article-title":"Stellate-ganglion block as a treatment for severe postmenopausal flushing","volume":"16","author":"van","year":"2013","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"R43-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdr478","article-title":"Stellate ganglion block for the management of hot flashes and sleep disturbances in breast cancer survivors:An uncontrolled experimental study with 24 weeks of follow-up","volume":"23","author":"Haest","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"R44-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-010-0907-9","article-title":"Pilot evaluation of a stellate ganglion block for the treatment of hot flashes","volume":"19","author":"Pachman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"R45-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000194","article-title":"Effects of stellate ganglion block on vasomotor symptoms:Findings from a randomized controlled clinical trial in postmenopausal women","volume":"21","author":"Walega","year":"2014","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"R46-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12331","article-title":"Management of hot flushes in breast cancer survivors:Comparison between stellate ganglion block and pregabalin","volume":"15","author":"Othman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"R47-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70076-7","article-title":"Incidence of unilateral arm lymphoedema after breast cancer:A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"DiSipio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"R48-20240828","first-page":"157","article-title":"New approaches to sympathetic blocks as treatment of postmastectomy lymphedema. Report of a successful case","volume":"16","author":"Swedborg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"R49-20240828","first-page":"e365","article-title":"Sympathetic block as a new treatment for lymphedema","volume":"18","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Phys"},{"key":"R50-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2015.28.1.61","article-title":"The effect of stellate ganglion block on intractable lymphedema after breast cancer surgery","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"R51-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-014-2593-5","article-title":"A comparison of the effectiveness of complex decongestive physiotherapy and stellate ganglion block with triamcinolone administration in breast cancer-related lymphedema patients","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"R52-20240828","first-page":"e5700","article-title":"Sympathetic nerve block in lymphedema treatment:A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Forte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R53-20240828","first-page":"255","article-title":"Comparison between the effectiveness of complex decongestive therapy and stellate ganglion block in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema:A randomized controlled study","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"R54-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael059","article-title":"Stellate ganglion block\u2014therapy for cerebral vascular accidents","volume":"96","author":"Mahajan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"R55-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000060893.72098.80","article-title":"Cervical sympathetic block to reverse delayed ischemic neurological deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"34","author":"Treggiari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R56-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.86598","article-title":"Stellate ganglion block for treatment of cerebral vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage - A preliminary study","volume":"27","author":"Jain","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R57-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2021-102675","article-title":"Stellate ganglion block used to treat reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"R58-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.08.012","article-title":"Protective effect of stellate ganglion block on delayed cerebral vasospasm in an experimental rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"1585","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R59-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.5.JNS182890","article-title":"Decrease of blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery after stellate ganglion block following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage:A potential vasospasm treatment?","volume":"133","author":"Wendel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"R60-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000740","article-title":"Stellate ganglion block effects on cerebral vascular tone:A missing piece of the puzzle","volume":"34","author":"de","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol"},{"key":"R61-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-020-00943-0","article-title":"Effect of stellate ganglion block on postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function in patients undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia:A meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Surg"},{"key":"R62-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14459","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14459","article-title":"Successful ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block treatment in a patient with upper limb erythromelalgia","volume":"33","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"R63-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1213\/XAA.0000000000000869","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation of the stellate ganglion for management of acute digital ischemia:A case report","volume":"11","author":"Sekhri","year":"2018","journal-title":"A A Pract"},{"key":"R64-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-015-0503-z","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided bilateral stellate ganglion blockade to treat digital ischemia in a patient with sepsis:A case report","volume":"63","author":"Bataille","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Anesth"},{"key":"R65-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12040","article-title":"Stellate ganglion block as an early intervention in sympathetically maintained headache and orofacial pain caused by temporal arteritis","volume":"14","author":"Noma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"R66-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E65","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12296","article-title":"Stellate ganglion block for painful congenital venous malformation of the arm","volume":"15","author":"Woo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"R67-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13370","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013370","article-title":"Treatment of persistent postoperative hiccups with stellate ganglion block Three case reports","volume":"97","author":"Ran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"R68-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6058","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006058","article-title":"Thalamic pain alleviated by stellate ganglion block","volume":"96","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"R69-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S236812","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided stellate ganglion block for central post-stroke pain:A case report and review","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"R70-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2019-0096","article-title":"Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion block under ultrasound guidance promotes recovery of abducens nerve palsy caused by microvascular ischemia","volume":"20","author":"Moon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand J Pain online"},{"key":"R71-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-016-0468-8","article-title":"Palmar hyperhidrosis treated by noninvasive ultrasound stellate ganglion block","volume":"168","author":"Heinig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wien Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"R72-20240828","first-page":"1598","article-title":"Pulsed radiofrequency of superior cervical sympathetic ganglion for treatment of refractory migraine","volume":"18","author":"Carcamo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"R73-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2018.12.007","article-title":"A successful case of stellate ganglion block for difficult therapy of refractory tension headache","volume":"54","author":"Ueshima","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"R74-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1089\/pmr.2020.0042","article-title":"Case Series:Cancer-Related Facial Pain Treated with Stellate Ganglion Block","volume":"1","author":"Darabad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Palliat Med Rep"},{"key":"R75-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.1165","article-title":"Bilateral stellate ganglion blockade for recalcitrant oral pain from burning mouth syndrome:A case report","volume":"28","author":"Walega","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Oral Facial Pain Headache"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/joacp.joacp_304_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:08:03Z","timestamp":1787760483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/joacp.joacp_304_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/joacp.joacp_304_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0970-9185","2231-2730"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0970-9185","type":"print"},{"value":"2231-2730","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-08-18","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-12","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}