{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:32:25Z","timestamp":1787761945021,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective randomized study designed to evaluate the efficacy of dexmedetomidine either added to LA mixture or administered IV during subtenon block for cataract surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>75 patients, undergoing cataract surgery with subtenon anesthesia, were assigned randomly into three equal groups, Group I received subtenon bupivacaine 0.5% (1 ml) + lidocaine 2% (1 ml) + saline 0.9% (0.5 ml) and IV infusion of normal saline. Group II received subtenon bupivacaine 0.5% (1 ml) + lidocaine 2% (1 ml) + 0.5 \u03bcg\/kg dexmedetomidine (0.5 \u03bcl) and IV infusion of normal saline. Group III received subtenon bupivacaine 0.5% (1 ml) + lidocaine 2% (1 ml) + saline 0.9% (0.5 ml) and IV infusion of 0.5 mg\/kg dexmedetomidine over 10 min. before subtenon block. We recorded onset and duration of sensory and motor block, pain during subtenon injection, intraoperative hemodynamics, intraocular pressure, sedation and postoperative pain score.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was a significant decrease in the onset of action and an increase in the duration of sensory block in Group II. Pain during subtenon injection was significantly less in group III. Sedation Score was higher in Group III, while heart rate showed a significant reduction in the same group. The VAS was significantly decreased in group II. After the end of surgery, the intraocular pressure was significantly decreased in Groups II and III.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subtenon dexmedetomidine shortens onset time, prolongs sensory block durations and significantly decreases the postoperative pain score with hemodynamic stability, while, IV dexmedetomidine substantially reduces pain during subtenon block and produces intra-operative sedation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.joacp_362_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T22:01:14Z","timestamp":1683842474000},"page":"360-365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effects of subtenon and intravenous dexmedetomidine on patients undergoing cataract surgery: A comparative randomized controlled double-blind study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Ashraf Magdy Eskandr","family":"Saad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia, ICU and Pain Management, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Abd-Allah Elmorsy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadik","family":"Abd-Elmaseeh Sadik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia, ICU and Pain Management, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354X.169475","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine as an additive to local anesthetics compared with intravenous dexmedetomidine in peribulbar block for cataract surgery","volume":"10","author":"Abdelhamid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi J Anesth"},{"key":"R2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.106005","article-title":"Serious complications of local anaesthesia for cataract surgery:A 1 year national survey in the United Kingdom","volume":"91","author":"Eke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1H314","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine:An updated review","volume":"41","author":"Gerlach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"R4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-1877-6","article-title":"Use of dexmedetomidine as a sedative and analgesic agent in critically ill adult patients:A meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2007.09.041","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of dexmedetomidine alone is less than propofol for conscious sedation during ERCP","volume":"67","author":"Muller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"R6-20240828","first-page":"244","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the observer's assessment of alertness\/sedation scale:Study with intravenous midazolam","volume":"10","author":"Chernik","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"R7-20240828","first-page":"1429","article-title":"A prospective study on postoperative pain after cataract surgery","volume":"7","author":"Porela-Tiihonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44752","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.54.4.447","article-title":"Identification of vascular postsynaptic alpha 1- and alpha 2adrenoceptors in man","volume":"54","author":"Jie","year":"1984","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"R9-20240828","first-page":"1321","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine:A novel sedativeanalgesic agent","volume":"14","author":"Gertler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"key":"R10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93441","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265021507000543","article-title":"Effects of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists on tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+channels in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons","volume":"24","author":"Oda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"R11-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000908","article-title":"The effect of low-dose dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to levobupivacaine in patients undergoing vitreoretinal surgery under sub-tenon's block anesthesia","volume":"121","author":"Ghali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R12-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egja.2014.01.007","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine is an effective adjuvant to subtenon block in phacoemulsification cataract surgery","volume":"30","author":"Eskandr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Egyptian J Anaesth"},{"key":"R13-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-013-1660-2","article-title":"Effect of clonidine added to lidocaine for sub-Tenon's (episcleral) anesthesia in cataract surgery","volume":"28","author":"Cabral","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"R14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1386_18","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect and safety of dexmedetomidine as an additive to local anesthesia in peribulbar block for vitreoretinal surgery","volume":"67","author":"Gujral","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R15-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1905_18","article-title":"Retrobulbar dexmedetomidine in pediatric vitreoretinal surgery eliminates the need for intraoperative fentanyl and postoperative analgesia:A randomized controlled study","volume":"67","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R16-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2015.68.5.442","article-title":"The effect of dexmedetomidine sedation on patient and surgeon satisfaction during retinal surgery under sub-tenon's anesthesia:A randomized controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"Yoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"R17-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354X.152878","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of the effect of intravenous dexmedetomidine and clonidine on intraocular pressure after suxamethonium and intubation","volume":"9","author":"Banga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"key":"R18-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.173354","article-title":"The effects of intravenous dexmedetomidine premedication on intraocular pressure and pressor response to laryngoscopy and intubation","volume":"32","author":"Chandra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R19-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2165\/00126839-200607010-00004","article-title":"Effect of dexmedetomidine on haemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and intubation:Perioperative haemodynamics and anaesthetic requirements","volume":"7","author":"Yildiz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drugs R D"},{"key":"R20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265021502001321","article-title":"Sufentanil or clonidine for blunting the increase in intraocular pressure during rapid-sequence induction","volume":"19","author":"Georgiou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/joacp.joacp_362_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:08:18Z","timestamp":1787760498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/joacp.joacp_362_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/joacp.joacp_362_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["0970-9185","2231-2730"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0970-9185","type":"print"},{"value":"2231-2730","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-07-14","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-18","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}