{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:57:00Z","timestamp":1787169420024,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background and Aims:<\/jats:title>\n Thiopentone and propofol are most commonly used induction agents for electro convulsive therapy (ECT). Recently, ketofol, an admixture of propofol and ketamine, is being tried in ECT. We aimed to compare propofol, thiopentone, and ketofol as induction agents during ECT regarding their effects on ECT-induced hemodynamic changes, seizure duration and recovery parameters.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Material and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n This prospective randomized double blind study was conducted in 30 patients between 18 and 65 years with ASA status I and II scheduled for ECT. All patients received all study agents for first three sessions of ECT. The observations were compiled as Group K (Inj. Ketofol i.e., Inj. propofol 0.5mg\/kg + Inj. ketamine 0.5mg\/kg), Group\n P<\/jats:italic>\n (Inj. propofol 1mg\/kg), and Group T (Inj. thiopentone 3mg\/kg).Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, and mean) was recorded at pre op, 0, 5, 10, and 20 min after ECT. The seizure duration, time to spontaneous eye opening, andobeying verbal commands and agitation score were recorded.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Statistically significant difference was seen in HR at 10 min after delivery of shock; in systolic BP at 2 min after shock; in diastolic BP after administration of study drug and immediately after shock and in mean arterial pressure at post induction, 0and2 min after shock with group T showing higher values compared to group K and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n (\n p < 0.05<\/jats:italic>\n ). At all other times HR andBP was comparable in all the three groups.Seizure duration was more in group T than Groups\n P<\/jats:italic>\n and K although the difference was statistically insignificant.Time to spontaneous eye opening and obey verbal commands was comparable in all groups.Mean agitation score was highest in group T than Groups P& Kwith Group\n P<\/jats:italic>\n showing least value\n (p = 0.003<\/jats:italic>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Propofol and ketofol showed superior hemodynamic stability than thiopentone but comparable seizure duration and recovery parameters. Thus, propofol and ketofol can be effectively used as induction agents for ECT although propofol is associated with lesser agitation than ketofol.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.joacp_423_19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T06:03:51Z","timestamp":1642572231000},"page":"554-560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A comparative study of propofol, thiopentone sodium, and ketofol as induction agents for electro convulsive therapy"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Nagraju R.","family":"Gaddam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, MGM\u2019s Medical College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasanti P.","family":"Kelkar (Sasturkar)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, MGM\u2019s Medical College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanhita J.","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, MGM\u2019s Medical College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradnya S.","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, MGM\u2019s Medical College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pramod V.","family":"Bhale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, MGM\u2019s Medical College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198711000-00023","article-title":"Hemodynamic changes associated with electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"66","author":"Wells","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B2-20240828","first-page":"493","article-title":"Update on anesthesia considerations for electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"20","author":"Mayo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Middle East J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"B3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/58.9.969","article-title":"Effects of propofol on cardiovascular dynamics, myocardial blood flow and myocardial metabolism in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"58","author":"Stephan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"B4-20240828","first-page":"51","article-title":"Effects of a propofol--ketamine admixture in human volunteers","volume":"10","author":"Morse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pac Health Dialog"},{"key":"B5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.135037","article-title":"Ketofol-Dexmedetomidine combination in ECT:A punch for depression and agitation","volume":"58","author":"Tarek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"B6-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200519090-00002","article-title":"Guide to anaesthetic selection for electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"19","author":"Wagner","year":"2005","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"B7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.15.1.27","article-title":"Comparison of seizure duration, ictal EEG, and cognitive effects of Ketamine and methohexital anesthesia with ECT","volume":"15","author":"Krystal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B8-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e3181c3b0aa","article-title":"Rapid antidepressant effect of Ketamine anesthesia during electroconvulsive therapy ofTreatment-resistant depression:Comparing Ketamine and propofol anesthesia","volume":"26","author":"Okamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"B9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199812000-00040","article-title":"Propofol inhibits ketamine-induced c-fos expression in the rat posterior cingulate cortex","volume":"87","author":"Nagata","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"B10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e31824d1d02","article-title":"Effects of propofol and Ketamine as combined anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depressive disorder","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J ECT"},{"key":"B11-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/0975156420080108","article-title":"Comparison of Thiopentone sodium and Propofol in ECT anaesthesia","volume":"30","author":"Omprakash","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"B12-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X1204000214","article-title":"Ketofol (mixture of Ketamine and propofol) administration in electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"40","author":"Erdogan Kayhan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"B13-20240828","first-page":"192","article-title":"Anaesthesia for Electoconvulsive Therapy","author":"Uppal","year":"2010","journal-title":"BJA:CEACCP"},{"key":"B14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.4103\/2394-6954.173532","article-title":"Comparison of thiopentone sodium and propofol as anesthetic agents for modified electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"1","author":"Manjula","year":"2015","journal-title":"Karnataka Anaesth J"},{"key":"B15-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354X.197339","article-title":"Effectiveness of sodium Thiopentone, propofol, and Etomidate as an ideal intravenous anesthetic agent for modified electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"11","author":"Mir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J Anesth"},{"key":"B16-20240828","first-page":"759","article-title":"A comparative study of hemodynamic effects, recovery pattern and seizure activity of propofol, ketofol and etomidate in modified electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"3","author":"Jaitawat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Contemp Med Res"},{"key":"B17-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-012-1378-6","article-title":"Ketofol in electroconvulsive therapy anesthesia:Two stones for one bird","volume":"26","author":"Saban","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"B18-20240828","first-page":"a634","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):Important parameters which influence its effectiveness","volume":"6","author":"Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJMP"},{"key":"B19-20240828","first-page":"126","article-title":"Seizure duration and hemodynamic state during electroconvulsive therapy:Sodium thiopental versus propofol","volume":"8","author":"Hashem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob J Health Sci"},{"key":"B20-20240828","first-page":"25","article-title":"Comparative study between intravenous thiopentone sodium and propofol on the recovery profile of the patients after electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"5","author":"Bodkhe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Sci Study"},{"key":"B21-20240828","first-page":"326","article-title":"Post-ECT delirium","volume":"9","author":"Fink","year":"1993","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"B22-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200403000-00002","article-title":"Propofol reduces cognitive impairment after electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"20","author":"Butterfield","year":"2004","journal-title":"J ECT"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_423_19","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:07:11Z","timestamp":1787166431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_423_19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/joacp.joacp_423_19","relation":{},"ISSN":["2231-2730","0970-9185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2231-2730","type":"print"},{"value":"0970-9185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-12-16","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-02","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}