{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:31:27Z","timestamp":1787761887707,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The return of consciousness (ROC) after general anesthesia (GA) is by stopping the administration of anesthetic agents. At present, no drug is given to reverse the loss of consciousness produced by general anesthetic agents. This study is conducted to find whether caffeine and aminophylline hasten the ROC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was conducted on 75 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I and II female patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy, aged between 18 and 60 years. The patients were divided into three equal groups (Group C: caffeine citrate, Group A: aminophylline, and Group S: saline) of 25 each by a computer-generated random number table. GA was induced with propofol, fentanyl, and maintained with propofol infusion. On completion of the surgery, the neuromuscular blocking agent was reversed and then the infusion of propofol was stopped. The study drug was administered intravenously when the BIS 60 was achieved. Time to achieve BIS 90, return of first gag reflex, eye-opening on verbal command, and extubation after study drug administration were noted. Hemodynamic parameters and SpO2 were also monitored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The time for BIS 60 to 90 was 10 (4.25) min in the caffeine group, 13 (4.25) min in the aminophylline group, and 26 (9.0) min in the saline group. The time to return of gag reflex and time to extubation were shorter in the caffeine and aminophylline group compared to the saline group. The time to eye-opening on verbal command was shorter in the aminophylline group compared to the saline group. Hemodynamic parameters after infusion of the study drug were comparable in all three groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Caffeine hastens the recovery from total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl in laparoscopic hysterectomy as effectively as aminophylline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.joacp_528_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T22:00:49Z","timestamp":1683842449000},"page":"404-410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of the effects of caffeine, aminophylline, and saline on the recovery from total intravenous anesthesia in laparoscopic surgeries: A randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Hari Prasad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharat","family":"Paliwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep Kumar","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"(s1)","key":"R1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1988.tb09061.x","article-title":"Induction and maintenance of propofol anaesthesia:A manual infusion scheme","volume":"43","author":"Roberts","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31822e92e5","article-title":"Methylphenidate actively induces emergence from general anesthesia","volume":"115","author":"Solt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0131914","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131914","article-title":"Dextroamphetamine (but Not Atomoxetine) induces reanimation from general anesthesia:Implications for the roles of dopamine and norepinephrine in active emergence","volume":"10","author":"Kenny","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1586\/17476348.2.3.305","article-title":"Aminophylline for treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"2","author":"Nuhoglu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"R6-20240828","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of aminophylline reversal of propofol sedation on the emergence and recovery profiles:Comparison with spontaneous recovery as assessed by the bispectral index and psychometric behavior responsiveness in volunteers","volume":"41","author":"Goto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gifu Shika Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"R7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002367","article-title":"Caffeine accelerates emergence from isoflurane anesthesia in humans:A randomized, double-blind, crossover study","volume":"129","author":"Fong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R8-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867003375335","article-title":"Propofol in anesthesia. 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