{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:21:06Z","timestamp":1787772066098,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mild to moderate sedation during bronchoscopy is essential for patient safety, comfort during and after the procedure, and to facilitate the performance of the bronchoscopist. Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective, centrally acting \u03b1-2 agonist used to provide conscious sedation during various procedures. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of three different doses of dexmedetomidine nebulization as an adjuvant to lignocaine during bronchoscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ninety American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I\/II patients, aged from 18 to 60 years, scheduled for an elective bronchoscopy, were recruited. They were divided into three groups: 30 patients in each group. Group I: The patient was nebulized with a mixture of 4 ml of 4% lignocaine and dexmedetomidine 0.5 \u03bcg\/kg. Group II: The patient was nebulized with a mixture of 4% lignocaine, 4 ml, and dexmedetomidine, 1 \u03bcg\/kg. Group III: The patient was nebulized with 4% lignocaine 4 ml and dexmedetomidine 1.5 \u03bcg\/kg.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean cough score was (1.17 \u00b1 0.37), (1.40 \u00b1 0.49), and (1.70 \u00b1 0.75) in group III, group II, and group I, respectively. A significant difference was found between the groups. Patients were more comfortable with a statistically significant difference in the comfort score in group III as compared to group II and group I.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dexmedetomidine nebulization in a dose of 1.5 \u03bcg\/kg (compared to 1 \u03bcg\/kg or 0.5 \u03bcg\/kg) as an adjuvant to lignocaine, provides better bronchoscopy conditions and patient satisfaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.joacp_60_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T15:01:04Z","timestamp":1710428464000},"page":"56-62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of different doses of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to lignocaine nebulization: A comparative study during awake flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Amarjeet","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Emergency, AIIMS, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poonam","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, AIIMS, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandni","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, AIIMS, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajeet","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, AIIMS, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh","family":"Karmakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Medicine, AIIMS, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.11051147","article-title":"Common fears of patients undergoing bronchoscopy","volume":"11","author":"Poi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"R2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2310\/8000.2013.130933","article-title":"Does the sedation regimen affect adverse events during procedural sedation and analgesia in injection drug users?","volume":"15","author":"Scheuermeyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"CJEM"},{"key":"R3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.5.1437","article-title":"Patient satisfaction with conscious sedation for bronchoscopy","volume":"115","author":"Stefano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1990.tb14331.x","article-title":"Inhaled fentanyl as a method of analgesia","volume":"45","author":"Worsley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"R5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200003000-00035","article-title":"Sedative, amnestic, and analgesic properties of small-dose dexmedetomidine infusions","volume":"90","author":"Hall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R6-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_579_18","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine nebulization as adjuvant to lignocaine during awake flexible fiberoptic intubation","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"key":"R7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.10.59","article-title":"Nebulized dexmedetomidine lidocaine inhalation as a premedication for flexible bronchoscopy: A randomized trial","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"R8-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2009.04.0010","article-title":"Clinical assessment of awake endotracheal intubation using the lightwand technique alone in patients with difficult airways","volume":"122","author":"Xue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"R9-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000061586.63978.DE","article-title":"Intravenous lidocaine as adjuvant to sevoflurane anesthesia for endotracheal intubation in children","volume":"96","author":"Aouad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R10-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.155151","article-title":"Comparison between dexmedetomidine and fentanyl on intubation conditions during awake fiberoptic bronchoscopy: A randomized double-blind prospective study","volume":"31","author":"Mondal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R11-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.199856","article-title":"Efficacy of intravenous dexmedetomidine on patient's satisfaction, comfort and sedation during awake fibre-optic intubation in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy posted for elective cervical fixation","volume":"61","author":"Niyogi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"R12-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5920.656","article-title":"Controlled sedation with alphaxolone-alphadalone","volume":"2","author":"Ramsay","year":"1974","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R13-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.01944.x","article-title":"Bioavailability of dexmedetomidine after extravascular doses in healthy subjects","volume":"56","author":"Anttila","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R14-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31822b8629","article-title":"Review article: Dexmedetomidine in children: Current knowledge and future applications","volume":"113","author":"Mason","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R15-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.5152\/TJAR.2019.78889","article-title":"Randomised comparison between the efficacy of two doses of nebulised dexmedetomidine for premedication in paediatric patients","volume":"48","author":"Anupriya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim"},{"key":"R16-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2012.01357.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous dexmedetomidine in healthy Korean subjects","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"R17-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.20153","article-title":"Effect of preoperative dexmedetomidine nebulization on the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and intubation: A randomized control trial","volume":"74","author":"Misra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"R18-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_235_20","article-title":"Evaluation of nebulised dexmedetomidine in blunting haemodynamic response to intubation: A prospective randomised study","volume":"64","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"R19-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000728","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of nebulized dexmedetomidine, nebulized ketamine, and their combination as premedication for outpatient pediatric dental surgery","volume":"121","author":"Zanaty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R20-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12445","article-title":"Intranasal dexmedetomidine in combination with patient controlled sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A randomised trial","volume":"59","author":"Cheung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R21-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i1","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-203618","article-title":"British Thoracic Society Bronchoscopy Guideline Group. British Thoracic Society guideline for diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy in adults: Accredited by NICE","volume":"68","author":"Du Rand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"R22-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.30699\/jambs.27.120.14","article-title":"Comparing the hemodynamic dexmetomidine and nebulized lidocaine in children undergoing the fiberoptic bronchoscopy","volume":"27","author":"Shafa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Adv Med Biomed Res"},{"key":"R23-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tacc.2020.09.009","article-title":"Fentanyl vs dexmedetomidine nebulization as adjuvant to lignocaine: A comparative study during awake flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy","volume":"37","author":"Kumari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Anaesth Crit Care"},{"key":"R24-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.83670","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine: New avenues","volume":"27","author":"Grewal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/joacp.joacp_60_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:27:37Z","timestamp":1787768857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/joacp.joacp_60_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/joacp.joacp_60_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["2231-2730","0970-9185"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2231-2730","type":"print"},{"value":"0970-9185","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-02-13","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-22","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}